Me, Myself: A Rolling Stone Out to Gather Mosses!

Old proverbs made new, so is the scripting of my life so far. Thus at the outset I thank the Almighty for presenting me a unique kaleidoscope to look through and to bask in the joy of discovering the unknown! The Journey I breathed first at Taiwan, then turned into teens at Shanghai and now I'm busy shaping my life in US. My horizon zoomed on gradually, and surely, it couldn't have been better! I hope someday I could boast about myself as a happy citizen of a global village. Thankfully, it was not the case of uprooting, and instead it all went like a series of happy adventure so far. Of course, a few hiccups were there, but who cares if it took some sweat to rise from a non-starter to a first boy in English Class at 7th grade (Shanghai), or for that matter, to adapt to the ethnic cuisine there? Who cared either, when it took some extra effort to excel in the Basketball Varsity Team in spite of a shorter height! Challenges actually serve as springs beneath the launching pads – so I have learnt from my experience – the greater the challenge, the greater the scope to attain a new height! I liked them all. With this spirit, this humble fish has now reached the sea, thankfully with time and tide by its side as guardian angels – one to provide the power of young mind, and the other, which is YOU, to provide me the scope to utilize that power, let alone guiding and governing me towards the right direction. As for the rough shades, I am lucky to have seen off the monotony of a run-of-the-mill life or political storms at places. I still detest the identical uniforms and rigid routines at Taiwan School, or political tension between Taiwan and Shanghai. These are the humdrums I've left behind. Yet I will obviously carry with me the simplicities of Taiwan and the financial/economic knowledge that I could garner from Shanghai. I would always salute my teachers at Villanova (the premier school of Shanghai) for cementing my basement of knowledge and rousing my craving for more of it. And why not? This business school has equipped me bit by bit, to meet all the challenges of academic and social circumstances whatsoever anywhere! And my parents! Words would fall short to describe their contribution in my life. It's because of them I could develop the attitude to find rhythm in diversity, to walk through the tough terrains of the unknown and to appreciate anything good anywhere.   It's this attitude that has made my transitions smoother and enjoyable – why, today I love English language no less than Taiwanese, or for that matter Chinese. Thanks to the unique and varied grooming, today I comprehend one adage from my heart:   â€Å"The more you learn, the more it opens up for learning.† Coming of Age I love my pond, I love that bigger lake too and now I'm excited about my prospect in the sea! So what if I think to raise more capillaries in my brain through varied social, academic and spiritual sparks? The bigger the canvas the bigger scope for its painter! I dream to be a part of the US society, an active molecule to its social, academic and cultural chemistry. I dream to be a big fish in Economics. Big fishes need sea, and so I am here! And yes! It would never be all about taking. Thanks to the new age gurus, I'm a firm believer of the Law of Giving. Thus it has to be a unique symbiosis between my world and me. And this is the world for me. Study and masterminding scopes cannot be better than what is available here. The fuss about politics is absent; the freedom of expression is highly regarded. These are the ideal conditions for a student to grow. Here I will be able to continue my co curricular activities too – I can brush up my Basketball skills again, or the debating skills I earned from the Student Association body. I can renew my writing or editing skills. I can unwind with community services. I can bask in the warmth of friendship. Here's the scope. Here I will be able to light a thousand bulbs in the hall of my heart. It's here I'll be able to air, care and share all of me. This place is the ideal example to establish the law of giving. This is my choicest springboard for actions. And who doesn't know, actions speak louder than words? That is my mantra and with that I'm merrily waiting at your gate. Knock knock knock! Open the door and let me in! I've wonderful dreams waiting to be unearthed. Let that happen here! Ends

Contract and Chicago Medical School Essay

Facts: In December 1973 Robert Steinberg, the plaintiff, applied for admissions to the Chicago Medical School. He paid an application fee of $15, but his application was rejected. After being rejected he filed against the school, claiming that they did not evaluate his application according to the academic entrance criteria printed in the school’s bulletin. Steinberg argues that the school based its decision primarily on nonacademic consideration such as family connections between the applicant and his family to donate large sums of money to the school. Steinberg assets that by evaluating his application to these unpublished criteria, the school breached the contract it had created when it accepted his application fee. The trail court granted the defendant’s motion to dismiss, and Steinberg appealed. Issue: What is a contract? Rules: Mutual Assent- the parties to a contract must by show of words or condut that they have agreed to enter a contract. The usual method of mutual assent is by offering and acceptance. Consideration- each party to a contract must intentionally exchange a legal benefit or incur a legal deteriment as an inducement to the other party to make a renturn change. THIS FOR THAT basically. Legality of subject matter- the purpose of a contract must be not criminal, tortuous, or otherwise against public policy Capacity- the parties to a contract must have mental understanding of what they are entering into. Application: The contract that Steinberg and Chicago Medical School entered into meets the four requirements for a contractual contract. Therefore it is binding and legally enforceable. Conclusion: The court agreed with Steinberg’s position and that both parties did indeed enter a enforceable contract and under this contract by accepting the application fee the school must evaluate give him valuable consideration and his application evaluation was to be based on the criteria stated in the school’s bulletin. Steinberg accepted the school’s promises in good faith and he was.

Marketing Plan of Dining Hall Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Plan of Dining Hall - Research Paper Example The dining plan has been customized as per the nutritional requirements of the students and also, the preferences designed by the student body and authorities (University of Delaware, 2013a). The students have been authorized to change the dining plan after submitting the plan to the student body (University of East London, 2013).Analysis & Comparison between the Delaware University Dining & OthersThe dining services offered by Delaware University are very popular but still, the services offered by The University of Newark and Rutgers University has gained more recognition throughout the entire region.   Some of the important dining services offered by this university campus are as follows:  Newark University  Thus, it has been observed that the dining plan, ranges, meals and their prices vary accordingly to the likes and preference of the students. Most of the students in Newark University and Rutgers University campus have the authority to change the menu as per their prefere nces and it is not even a time consuming process like, that of University of Delaware. The meals in the university campus of Newark and Rutgers are popular for their timely delivery for social purposes and also, to the students in residential campus. Both the university campus dining services are more or less focused on providing student oriented dining facilities (Washington University, 2013a). The kitchen staff in University of Delaware is more focused on designing the menu as per the nutritional requirements in collaboration with the student.... ation A questionnaire was distributed to the students of various departments of the college and the staff working in the kitchen department of the four dining restaurants. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed to the college student and the staff working in the kitchen departments. The results differed completely from both the survey conducted on the staff and the students. Analysis through Current Menu Offerings Apart from the distribution of survey, the current menu was analyzed and the less favored menu was identified. Current Menu of University Of Delaware Pencader Dining Hall: Home food (whole meals), Soup, Salad, Grilled, Bread, Desserts Kent Dining Hall: Italian Food, Soup, Salad, Vegetarian Food, Sour Bread, Desserts Rodney Dining Hall: Wholesome meal in chicken and vegetarian meal, Soup, Salad, Noodles, Bread, Desserts Russell Dining Hall: Wholesome home meal, Soup, Salad, Grilled, Bread, Desserts The above menu is standardized for all the restaurants but all of them have different food items and the nutritional content is displayed in the official website. The first year students and the fresher are supposed to choose their dining plan as suggested by the college authorities (Tsai & Lin Lin, 2013). The dining plan has been customized as per the nutritional requirements of the students and also, the preferences designed by the student body and authorities (University of Delaware, 2013a). The students have been authorized to change the dining plan after submitting the plan to the student body (University of East London, 2013). Analysis & Comparison between the Delaware University Dining & Others The dining services offered by Delaware University are very popular but still, the services offered by The University of Newark and Rutgers University has

Please Reply to at least 4 student with no more that 60 words plus 2 Coursework - 1

Please Reply to at least 4 student with no more that 60 words plus 2 references - Coursework Example elaborates the general output that are seen from the functions of so called informal leaders and their formal leaders counterparts (Herda-Rapp, 1998). Through the generalization of outputs, it was realized that leaders, be they formal or informal all are expected to come out with certain results and this is where their assessment should come from (Fawoud, 2009). The writer has a major strength in his presentation and this strength is judged from the amount of detail given in the background of the term informal leadership. Such detailed background made it easier to have a broader perspective of how informal leadership has affected social life (Fawoud, 2009). The wrier then built on the background to come to a conclusion that informal leadership and followship has all being about the need to achieve a common goal; and that this process ought to be supervised by one of the members of the group, who is the leader (Gardener, 2008). The writer used an important component of writing skills to make the distinction between informal leadership and followership clearly known. This component was the need to compare and contrast specific scenarios, where two different organizations were make the focus. Through the discussion, it was realized that everyone is a follower at one point in time or the other (Fawoud, 2009) and that leaders even become followers at a point because of the need to follow their own instructions (Gardener,

Managing new ventures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing new ventures - Essay Example Happy Pet Supplies will participate in social and community development activities with an aim of building its reputation as a socially responsible organization. The organization will engage in rigorous marketing of its products both within and outside London even for the first year of its operation. Marketing campaigns will be carried out at various times depending on the seasons and convenience to potential customers. 12. As earlier stated, the initial capital needed to establish the business is $33, 000. This amount is expected to be enough to support the company fully in its initial stages of establishment. This amount was contributed by various parties as outlined below. 13. It is estimated that on average, the company will sell feeders worth  £ 6,000, feeds worth  £ 2,000, Kennels worth  £ 5,000 and Shampoos worth  £ 3,000. The company also expects to sell accessories worth  £ 4,000 per month its total daily revenue amounting to about $834. The expected monthly revenue is  £ 20,000. The second year is expected to bring a pretax profit plus interest totaling  £ 181,000 and a closing balance of  £ 102,000. The third year is expected to have a pretax profit plus interest of  £ 220,000 and a closing balance of  £

Although some people feel airport security infringes on our privacy, Research Paper

Although some people feel airport security infringes on our privacy, It is necessary in order to keep our country and everyone that flies safe - Research Paper Example Any loophole on the part of airport security may lead to security threat to passengers. Although some people feel airport security infringes on our privacy, it is necessary in order to keep our country and everyone that flies safe. The intention of this paper is to identify the need for security in airports. Arguments for security check at the airport indicate that security checks prevent air terrorism attack (Schneier). The September 11 terrorist attack was a great lesson for the need of tight security at the airport. Analysts argue that proper security screening at the airport prevent passengers with harmful intentions from executing their plans. Some people do not intend to travel, but to blow airplanes. Security check prevents such individuals from bordering planes carrying their weapons of mass destruction. Before the September 11 terror attack, many passengers could carry some weapons. It is quite hard to read what is in the human mind. It is important to take precaution by observing security measures in order to avoid issues of security or terror threats. Terrorists usually look for slightest security weakness in order to execute their terror attack. Research on airport security revealed that the cost of preventing security attack is quite cheaper than the cost of security damage . Airport security seeks to protect facilities serving in the aviation industry and the aircraft against unlawful acts (Bajoria). Aviation facilities costs million of dollars thus they require protection from destruction. Mounting a security check at the airport is the only secure way of preventing individuals with ill intentions from carrying out their plans. When individuals with ill intentions get an opportunity to blow an aircraft, the aircraft company would lose its property and workers. This would be harmful to the economy of the country. Aviation industry contributes to the economy through provision of employment, taxes, promotion of trade among others. For a country

Law and terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Law and terrorism - Essay Example This paper will critically discuss the present UK legislative framework governing the gathering of covert intelligence on terrorist suspects and the necessary safeguards to ensure that ensure that police and security services do not violate the civil liberties of suspected individual. Covert Operations Perhaps, it can be said that the best covert intelligence operation was the operation Neptune Spear/Geronimo which launched the attack of Osama Bin Laden’s safe house in Bilal town of Abbottbad, Pakistan at around 1:00 a.m. (Listverse, 2011, p. 1). US Navy Seals breached through the high walls of Bin Ladin’s safe house using explosives whilst airborne US special operations command, also known as Night Stalkers were on board Black Hawk Helicopters and two Chinooks as backups (Listverse, 2011, p. 1). The SEALS found Bin Laden on the third floor and shoot him on his head and chest. Osama’s dead body was brought to Afghanistan for identification and buried at sea withi n 24 hours of his death (Listverse, 2011, p. 1). ... e result, have also seen the necessity to define and refine the country’s covert intelligence operation framework of its security forces using the statutes stipulated under the Regulations of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA) (Home Office, 2013, p. 1; Gov.uk, 2013). This has been considered as the Home Office guidance to local authorities in England and Wales on the judicial approval process for RIPA and the crime threshold of surveillance (Home Office, 2013, p. 1; Gov.uk, 2013) RIPA defined the framework of the government’s covert investigatory techniques as authored by public authorities (Legislation.gov.uk, 2013, p. 1). The framework in itself does not customized such power to execute covert activities but if these activities are undertaken by the council officers, RIPA limits, control and regulate the manner on how covert intelligence gathering are undertaken to ascertain that this is consistent to the Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) t hat mandates security forces to respect the private and family life of the suspects (Legislation.gov.uk, 2013, p. 1). Under RIPA, the local authorities limited the local authorities on using three covert techniques to prevent untoward incidences by early detection and monitoring of disorder (Legislation.gov.uk, 2013, p. 1). This security mechanism authorized designated persons on significant issues that may cause social harm and disorder but require such essential balance of proportionate care that the covert intelligence operation and intrusion, to gather information, will not seriously violate the right of privacy of a person on the bases of unfounded allegations or suspicion (Legislation.gov.uk, 2013, p. 1). Ethical code of covert operations refines further the scope of powers on necessary

Compliance of Apple Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compliance of Apple Inc - Research Paper Example Companies have shifted their operations to developing countries in order to curtail their costs and improve through economic ways. With such an approach, businesses have saved heavy taxes that could be imposed while operating in their homelands. The Economic factor is most influencing for the businesses as it directly affects revenues and profitability. Apple Inc has suppliers from China, India and other parts of the world that serve the company virtually or provide the required hardware, supplies, etc. The company has to assure compliance with standard ethics and variable economic obligations that exist in each country. It attempts to choose most reputed suppliers from around the globe so that economic and legal compliance may not be compromised while quality is maintained throughout operations (King, 2011). In the present era, societies are driven through global values and the gulf between different societies is contracting due to expanding embrace of international social values. H owever social circumstances differ geographically (Zylla, 2013). Apple Inc behaves as socially responsible entity and endeavors to aid workers as and when required to bring them in pace with the rapidly changing dynamics of the world. Apple does not allow the suppliers to overburden employees and limits the working hours per week so that they stay in good health and work efficiently in the long run. The company attempts to educate manpower of its suppliers through SEED (Supplier Employee Education Development) program.

Homeland Security-The Secure Communities Program Research Paper

Homeland Security-The Secure Communities Program - Research Paper Example The opposition of particular States to aspects of the DHS initiatives – specifically as they relate to immigration and immigrants – will be examined, commented on, and proposals will be made to address this particular facet of national security, as it affects both local communities and individuals. Additionally, mechanisms to counter the apathy among individuals and local organizations, in implementing policy and advisories, are proposed, especially in light of the new focus on â€Å"resilience† in thinking about national security measures. An overarching definition of Homeland Security must include more than just the traditional role of government and civic society to protect and serve citizens. Currently, it is the combination of responses to evolving threats and hazards from all levels of American society and government. In the concept of Homeland Security, civil defense, emergency response, law enforcement, customs, border control, and immigration are included. By creating the concept of homeland security, it is possible to emphasize the need for combining the actions of agencies, social organizations and government in coordinated response to threats. Those seeking to harm the USA can thus find fewer opportunities to do so, given the preparedness on all levels of society (Rose, 2004, p. 307). Cooperation and coordination of numerous facets of American society are required to ensure the success of the actions of the DHS. The Homeland Security initiative is, according to the Quadrennial Homeland Security Review Report Executive Summary, â€Å"widely distributed and diverse† and is a â€Å"national enterprise†. Most importantly, it is seen as â€Å"unmistakable†, arguing that this is a Program involving multiple parties and stakeholders, and that broad-based community involvement is required. It gives responsibility to the expected agencies: Federal, State, local, tribal, territorial, non-governmental, and private sector organizations; but

Character of Curley Essay Example for Free

Character of Curley Essay Candy joined the attack with joy Glove fulla vaseline ; he said disgustedly I didnt wanta; Lennie cried. I didnt wanta hurt him. Ques : Explore how the language in this extract influences your view of Curly? The language used in the extract shows Curley to be hateful, violent and angry. The extract describes a scene where by Curley is attacking Lennie, and it begins mid-attack. From the beginning of the extract it is clear that Curley is in an angry mood from the way that he â€Å"glared† at Candy when Candy joins the attack. Steinbeck uses a simile to describe Curley – â€Å"Curley stepped over like a terrier.† This comparison to a terrier works on two levels because a terrier is both small and aggressive, and Curley’s small size and aggressive nature are theme not only in the extract, but also throughout the book. When Curley speaks to Lennie, he uses obscene language and such as â€Å"bastard† and â€Å"son-of-a-bitch.† This further gives the reader the impression that Curley is rude and aggressive, and also that he dislikes Lennie. Curley attacks Lennie, punching him in the face and stomach, but at first Lennie does not fight back or defend himself. However, Curley continues to attack him. At this point, the reader feels sympathy for Lennie and feels that Curley is the guilty aggressor. This feeling is shared by Slim, who jumps up and calls Curley a â€Å"dirty little rat.† The language used here creates a very negative portrayal of Curley, as rats are very dirty animals But then when Lennie does finally fight back, we see a different and weaker side to Curley. Lennie is much bigger and stronger than Curley. Lennie catches Curley fist with ease and Curley is left â€Å"flopping like a fish on a line.† This use of simile shows Curley to be weak and defenceless and shows that Lennie has caught him out. There is a sudden transition from Curley being violent and aggressive (like a terrier ) to him being beaten up and defeated â€Å"Curley was white and shrunken by now†¦ He stood crying.†

Importance of Measuring Returns in Marketing

Importance of Measuring Returns in Marketing Marketing Metrics Background Organizations have rapidly moved into an era of focused marketing spending. Cost cutting is no longer considered the best possible revenue generation vehicle because of its limitations. Tougher economy has put screws to marketing and sales department budgets. It has made marketing to prove it’s spend or at least justify the value of its investment. Ahuja et al., (2001) highlight that cost cutting alone is not enough in increasing a firm’s revenue, nor does it dramatically improve the bottom line over the long term. However, finding the â€Å"lost† money that isn’t being wisely invested and reallocating it to more strategic marketing programs helps to increase a firm’s revenue and profits year after year after year (Kokkinaki Stefano, 2004). This has given rise to the marketing metrics, marketing mathematics, measurement marketing. Marketing spending is continually been questioned as marketing budgets get slimmer. There is an increasing accountability of marketing spending in the current market climate (Barwise Farley, 2003). The marketing industry has reached an era where the firms are increasingly been forced to spend on profitable activities. The allowance to spend on things that don’t directly support the firm’s strategic plan, vision, and mission is reducing by each passing day. Leaders and higher managers are trying to continuously trying to motivate their firms to identify spending that isn’t tied to investment in the firm’s future (Clark, 1999). This is done to free up the money to reallocate it more strategically to more profitable propositions. The time of overspending with little or no control is drawing to a close. The rise of internet marketing has also increased the relevance and importance of measuring as results can easily be measured online. Online marketers measure things such as ‘Click-through rate’ (measures the relevancy of e-mail offerings by tracking the  number of unique click-through). One of the other online measures used by organizations like Amazon is the ‘Goal conversion rate’ (integrates web analytics with e-mail marketing tool to track the metric that matters) . The rise of performance measurement Performance measurement has been touted as an improvement for organizations for decades. Marketing managers and policymakers now have measurement tools to help carry out their responsibilities to deliver and improve services. Performance measurement can provide the link between whats (objectives, targets and performance standards) and hows (behaviors, competencies and processes) of personnel performance (Deery et al., 2002; pg 471). The measurement process involves setting of corporate, department, team and individual objectives. Researchers have recommended that a performance measurement framework should start with an organizational analysis. A decision to implement the performance measurement system should be made according to the organizational principles and model of the organization following the identification of the existing structure and functioning of the organization and the evaluation of the structural problems (Ambler, 2001). The most innovative companies and organization s, do not simply execute one good program, rather, they integrate advanced management techniques into a comprehensive approach to productivity improvement. They use performance measurement and evaluation to help establish goals and measure results, estimate and justify resource requirements, reallocate resources, develop organization improvement strategies and motivate personnel to improve performance (Schaufeli Buunk, 2003; pg 383). While some organizations do not believe in assembling data for measuring, others find marketing metrics hard to assemble. Lack of IT systems can be partly blamed as many organizations find different metrics scattered across the organization for different time periods, different customer and stakeholder segments, and a multitude of purposes. Aims Objectives Aim To identify and demonstrate the importance of measuring returns in marketing The Purpose of this research is to gain fresh insights into the concept of marketing measurement, analyze the significance and relevance of measurement in the current marketing climate. All relevant measurement variables used by organizations to measure marketing effectiveness will be demonstrated. Their affect on strategic decision making will also be looked into. Objectives To analyze the importance of measuring marketing activities The research demonstrates the importance of measuring and the problems that might arise when marketing activities are not measured. Increased competition and lack of capital is making the marketing budget shrink which has meant more intelligent use of marketing money. This has greatly increased the importance of measurement within the marketing community as they want to know areas of higher return and focus their spend on these areas. To assess the benefits of measurement activities The study not only highlights the benefits of measurement but also demonstrates the loss by not measuring marketing activities. In the process, it also considers the extra cost which the organization may incur while measuring these activities (cost in the form of technology, people and other fixed and variables cost) To illustrate and depict the relationship between marketing measurements and strategic decision making. The research does not study the marketing measurement activities in isolation. It relates the impact of these measurements on strategic decision making. It takes the case of various medium and large organizations to justify the importance of measuring. It discusses the use of marketing measures by other organizations and the impact they have on strategic and tactical decisions. To examine the difficulties faced by organizations looking to measure marketing activities. Marketing activities are not easy to measure and organizations can face technical and process difficulties in trying to measure its marketing returns. Smaller and medium sized organizations may have to make investments in technology and human expertise in order to measure their activities. It can also change the way data is stored in the data bases and other technical issues. The research will analyze these factors and make conclusions after doing a cost benefit analysis of marketing measurements. To make appropriate recommendations regarding marketing measurements. The research will recommend specific metrics and the way they should be measured to give accurate and timely information to the organizations. It will discuss the use of these metrics under different marketing situations and budget constraints. Scope The scope of the research is limited to secondary research. There is limited field research done for the purpose of this research. Also, there are a huge number of different metrics used by organizations across the globe, the study looks at the most common and appropriate measures. There might be other marketing measures which are equally suitable. Also, the research is generic in nature which means that a particular measure discussed might not be suitable for a particular organization at a particular time. The measures and metrics suggested does not relate to the nature, structure and culture of the organization. The study does mention the relevance of discussed measures under varying circumstances. Rationale The interesting perceptions with contradictory thinking with regards to marketing measurements is what aroused sufficient interest in the author to go in for a research into the concept which has become a part of the marketing decision making and corporate strategy. Although, conventional wisdom dictates that measuring marketing activities will give an organization a good indication of their effectiveness, in reality, marketing measurement is still not practiced by most organizations. It has also been inefficient for others because of the use of irrelevant measures. This makes the topic even more interesting because it is not just the use of measures that leads to effectiveness but its the use of relevant and appropriate measure. This tricky concept of marketing measurements was what made the author go in for a research as no existing literature gave a clear-cut judgment on the subject. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers Layout and structure of the dissertation The dissertation is laid out in five chapters, sub-divided logically on the basis of their relative importance to the study. Each chapter looks at the research problem in a different perspective though there is noticeable degree of inter-relationship amongst them. The actual study begins from chapter two with Review of Literature analyzing different marketing measures used across the industry and assessing its relevance to organizational decision making. The contents in the research report can be elaborated briefly as shown under the following headings. Chapter One Introduction As the name suggests, this chapter introduces the study of the primary focus of the area of research. It clearly marks out the purpose, aim and objectives of the research giving a reader a guideline as to what to expect. It also gives out the scope of the research and spells out the rationale behind the study. Chapter Two Literature Review This chapter primarily prepares the study for empirical work by looking at evaluations and conclusions drawn on certain theories and concepts to check for similarities and difference made by past writers on similar or related studies. It’s on this basis, that later stages in the research are developed. It is therefore, purely a representation of secondary data with various notions. In particular, academic journals, websites and textbooks that articulate models and related theories are used as a reference. Chapter Three Analysis of Research Findings This chapter is devoted to the presentation and analysis of the information collected and the theories studied as a part of this dissertation. Marketing measures are examined in detail. Illustrations are also given to highlight the relevance of these measures under different marketing climate and organizational structure. The learning from the review of literature are linked to metrics used by different organizations. The chapter also discusses various cases and illustrates the importance of using the ‘right’ metrics and measures. Chapter Four Conclusions After careful examination, evaluation, assessment and analysis of data, in this chapter, the study points out how the aims and objectives of the research are met. It points out how the respective objectives are realized and tries to give an answer to the research question. It also discusses the problems faced by organizations in implementing marketing measures and the associated systems. Chapter Five – Recommendations The last and final chapter of the study gives generic recommendations based on the study undertaken. From the various cases studied, it was felt that some metrics are absolutely vital to the business and gives a good indication of marketing performance. These measures along with other suitable metrics are recommended. The chapter also discusses the limitations of the study and areas where further research may be carried out. Summary This chapter provided us with a basic guideline of the things to come. It gave a detailed description of the aim, purpose and objectives of the study and what the study seeks to achieve. It clearly mentioned the scope of the research and areas where the study will not throw much light on. The study now moves forward to discuss the existing theories and concepts, to explore the concepts of marketing metrics and how metric s are measured. It will also examine the different metrics used by organizations and the relevance of those metrics and measurements to the organization.

Documenting Electronic Sources :: mla documenting

Documenting Electronic Sources Your research for English Literature will likely include looking for online sources. If you find potential sources online, you will probably find that they vary widely in quality, in currency, and in reliability. You should limit yourself to only those sources that show evidence of carrying authority. Does the site identify authors and provide their credentials? Does the site offer documentation so that readers can substantiate information? Does the site avoid seeming to offer political propaganda? Is it free of advertising, commercial or political? Is the site up-to-date? By asking such questions, you can avoid selecting sources which will undermine your own credibility. Specifically, your research assignment for English 111 requires you (unless your instructor grants you exceptional permission) to limit yourself to online sources of two types: 1. articles in online periodicals (journals and magazines actually published on the World Wide Web), and 2. periodical articles available through electronic databases such as ProQuest. The instructions below explain how you can find such sources and how you should include them in your list of "Works Cited." Articles in Online Periodicals Suppose, for example, you are writing a paper on Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew. You might begin your online search by using Netscape to do an Internet search. (Using Netscape, you pull down the "Directory" menu and click on "Internet Search" to reach a search engine.) Then you would type in keywords such as these: Petruchio, Taming, Shrew. Among the many potential sources your search produced, you would find the two listed below, one an article in a scholarly journal, the other an article in a magazine. Both fit into category #1 above of the types of online sources you may use. Each is given here in the MLA form you would use should you end up including it in your list of "Works Cited." Heaney, Peter F. "Petruchio's Horse: Equine and Household Mismanagement in The Taming of the Shrew." Early Modern Literary Studies 4.1 (1998): 12 pars. 3 Feb. 1999 <http://purl.oclc.org/emls/04-1/heanshak.html>. Kerrigan, William W. "The Case for Bardolatry: Harold Bloom Rescues Shakespeare from the Critics." Lingua Franca Nov. 1998. 3 Feb. 1999 <http://sevenbridgespress.com/lf/9811/kerrigan.html>. Full-Text Articles Available through Database In order to locate sources fitting into category #2 above (periodical articles available through an electronic database), you would again begin with Netscape. By typing "voyager.

theme :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My reasoning’s for choosing the path that I choose were simple. My life has revolved around sports since I was 5. So what better of a business world to go in besides sports? I cant think of anything better. The major I choose was sports management. This is a field that I will excel at and succeed in life after my football career ends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was a little kid I always had a lot of energy running around outside non stop. So my mom thought I should do something with all that energy, so sports came to mind. My first sport was tee ball. I played short stop and wore number 8. I wanted to be just like Cal Ripken. I really enjoyed tee ball and was pretty good at it, but that wasn’t it. Next came football and that’s when I fell in love. Football turned my whole perspective of life around.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As soon as I would step foot on the football field it felt like I was in a different zone. I’m at a peace with my self when I’m playing football. I don’t hear anything I’m just in a zone doing what I love for fun. It got me to where I am today†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. college. If it wasn’t for football I don’t know what I would be doing right no or where I would be I’m just thankful that I am here. If I cant play football all my life I at least want to be around it or any sport for that matter. Football has been a guidance for me in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sports is such a good way for kids these days to get away from all their troubles and problems either at home or on the streets. It kept me on the right path for the most part or I wouldn’t be here right now. sports management is just like another guidance for me. Only this is for my career and future not to stay out of trouble or to just have fun, its more than that. I want to wake up every day and know I’m going to work to do something I love. The only thing I could think of is sports.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That was my life’s run down leading up to the point where I decided what I wanted to do in and out of college. theme :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My reasoning’s for choosing the path that I choose were simple. My life has revolved around sports since I was 5. So what better of a business world to go in besides sports? I cant think of anything better. The major I choose was sports management. This is a field that I will excel at and succeed in life after my football career ends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was a little kid I always had a lot of energy running around outside non stop. So my mom thought I should do something with all that energy, so sports came to mind. My first sport was tee ball. I played short stop and wore number 8. I wanted to be just like Cal Ripken. I really enjoyed tee ball and was pretty good at it, but that wasn’t it. Next came football and that’s when I fell in love. Football turned my whole perspective of life around.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As soon as I would step foot on the football field it felt like I was in a different zone. I’m at a peace with my self when I’m playing football. I don’t hear anything I’m just in a zone doing what I love for fun. It got me to where I am today†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. college. If it wasn’t for football I don’t know what I would be doing right no or where I would be I’m just thankful that I am here. If I cant play football all my life I at least want to be around it or any sport for that matter. Football has been a guidance for me in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sports is such a good way for kids these days to get away from all their troubles and problems either at home or on the streets. It kept me on the right path for the most part or I wouldn’t be here right now. sports management is just like another guidance for me. Only this is for my career and future not to stay out of trouble or to just have fun, its more than that. I want to wake up every day and know I’m going to work to do something I love. The only thing I could think of is sports.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That was my life’s run down leading up to the point where I decided what I wanted to do in and out of college.

Enide :: Medieval Literature Essays

Enide Just as with Erec, the origin of Enide is widely debated. There are two basic theories of how she came into existence in medieval literature. One theory is that it was Chretien De Troyes who created the characters Erec and Enide, and it was the Welsh that drew off of Chretienà ­s work in order to fabricate their own tales of the two (Owen xvi). This theory may have evolved due to the fact that "Wales contributed very little, or even nothing of importance to the Arthurian legend as it developed in France, and Germany and then in England" (Jones and Jones xxv). Chretien was therefore given the credit because of his extensive writings on the Arthurian legends, and the fact that he was French. However, a more widely accepted theory is that the story of Erec and Enide was derived from the Welsh (Jones xxv). Evidence supporting this theory is that of the "comparative folktale, of proper names and linguistics, and what may be reasonably if tentatively deduced from the methods of literary c omposition in the Middle Ages" (Jones xxvi). Due to the fact that no one is sure who wrote about Enide first, the task of finding where she first appears in literature is daunting undertaking. Nevertheless, we are able to fill in some of the gaps as to where Enide is mentioned in some texts. Circa 1170, Chretien De Troyes wrote Erec and Enide that can be found in Chretienà ­s collection entitled Arthurian Romances. Erec also appears in The Mabinogion, another collection of Arthurian tales. In this book, Erec, also called Geraint, appears in the tale Geraint son of Erbin. Lord Alfred Tennyson includes Enide in two out of the four Idylls of the King. Both "The Marriage of Geraint" and "Geraint and Enide" were written between 1809 and 1892. Enide also appears in some lesser-known, more modern works. These include two plays: Ernest Rhyà ­s Enid: A Lyric Play (1918) and Donald R. Raweà ­s Geraint: last of the Arthurians (1972), and Marion Lee Reynoldsà ­ poem Geraint of Devon (Lupack ). Enide, daughter of a poor Earl, although dressed shabbily, is described to be the most beautiful woman ever created. Chretien describes her: I tell you truly that the hair of the blonde Iseut did not shine so fair that she could stand with her. Her brow and face were more pure and white than the lily. Her features were tinted with a fresh rosy hue wondrously painted by Nature upon the whiteness.

Describe How and Why the Fertility Rate in Brazil Is Changing

Describe how and why the fertility rate in Brazil is changing Brazil, along with Russia, India and China (known collectively as the BRIC countries) is industrialising rapidly and going through dramatic demographic change. Its rate of growth has far exceeded that of current MEDCs, experiencing in 25 years the kind of change that would be expected in 100 years. The changes range from the economy, the industry and agriculture to the population and trends associated with it.As of 2011 the fertility rate in Brazil is a mere 1. 83, far lower than the other BRIC countries. For example the fertility rate of India is currently 2. 62. Brazil’s story is abnormal as its fertility rate is below the replacement rate (2. 1), especially when considering that much of the working population is still involved in agriculture and industry. The reasons for the sharp decline in fertility are similar to those associated with development, albeit Brazil has experienced these over a much shorter period of time.Education has improved drastically in the past 50 years in brazil; state-funded education is now compulsory for children aged 6-14 with most children continuing their studies beyond this. By the 1980s education reached a level of equality for boys and girls, but perhaps surprisingly females on average continued their studies for 1. 3 years longer than males (as of 2000). This shows that women are much more career driven than they used to be in the 1960s, when women were a small part of the total workforce.As of 2000 this has completely turned on its head, with women making up 54% of the working population. In the past if a woman did have a job it tended to be low-responsibility with mediocre career prospects and pay, but now many women occupy important roles in society and earn large salaries. With women now working more they have less desire to start a family. This means that they put off marriage until a lot later in life, meaning that when they do settle down they have le ss time to have children.Television has played a surprisingly large role in this change, and has a large influence on the lives of many Brazilians. ‘Novelas’ (soap operas) are extremely popular and have altered the way many people live. The people in these novelas always have small families (3-4 people) and the children are usually well stocked with the latest gadgets such as mobile phones. It is assumed that many Brazilians aspire to live this kind of life and many will take note that this is partly down to small families. The female characters are often particularly strong-willed, successful business omen who focus on their career over their love life. President Dilma Rousseff reinforces this statement and has one child, a daughter, and has proved that women can lead extremely successful lives in Brazil. President Rousseff, along with other women’s rights campaigners, helped take down the problem of ‘machismo’ in Brazil. An example of their protect ion of women is separate ‘women only’ carriages on night trains to prevent rape. Advertisements on tv and bill boards promoting contraception and family planning are also omnipresent.The incredibly high accessibility to contraception, abortions and family planning services is an incredibly significant reason for changing fertility rates in Brazil. It is surprising considering the country’s catholic beliefs which rejects all forms of contraception and birth-prevention. As a result of this abortions are still only allowed in the case of rape or threat to the mother. Despite this illegal abortions are commonplace and over-the-counter drugs that initiate termination are easy to come by. Despite being strictly illegal little is done to stop this.Whilst abortion does remain a sensitive subject (as it does in most countries) contraception is freely available. In fact a 2011 survey showed that 85% of Brazilians were against amendments to the abortion law. Many doctorâ₠¬â„¢s surgeries go so far as to give out condoms for free especially in cities and favelas where fertility is at its highest. Urbanisation in Brazil has been very rapid due to the increased industry. Many live in favelas, and much of the rest of the urban population lives in cheap high-rise apartments. These homes are small by design and having a family of more than 4 could lead to lack of space.The favelas are so common in Brazil that a drop in fertility should be a huge relief to many. Rochina, a favela next to Rio de Janeiro, has a population of somewhere between 150,000 and 300,000 although this is difficult to accurately measure. Small cars are popular, and shops sell food in serving sizes suited for 4 people. This appears to show a shift towards products being suited to small families. As families get smaller, parents have more money to spend on each child, so gadgets and expensive toys are becoming more popular, with their advertisement on television increasing too.In the 180 0s the death of a child was common so families were large to ensure that at least some survived, but nowadays this is less likely and Brazilian families are now starting to illustrate this change. The value of a child is significantly higher and families often don’t recover from the loss of an offspring. Parents are spending more on their children not only because they can now afford to, but also because they want to give the few children that they have the best shot at success. Economic and industrial development of Brazil has increased the standard of living as a whole.Since 2000, life expectancy has jumped from 54 to 72, and infant mortality rates have nearly halved from 38 to 20/1000 live births. Sanitation improving enormously has helped, and people who move in to cities now often find clean, fresh water and sanitation facilities (e. g. clean toilets and sinks). Even favelas are improving in this case, with communal development projects becoming increasingly common. Heal thcare has improved dramatically too (as shown by the shockingly sharp decline in infant mortality) and even the poor can access healthcare as basic care is free.Brazil can be considered an anomaly; however there does appear to be a growing trend in rapid development in the LEDW. Falling fertility rates has reduced the pressure on healthcare and education allowing more money to be spent per person equalling a better overall experience and service. Female empowerment is very important too, in both the economic output of the nation and the fall in fertility rates. However Brazil must be wary of the potential pitfalls of this rapid growth – e. g. an elderly population.

A Comparison and Contrast Discussion between the Reading

Women are viewed differently by men in the society today. There are certainly those who are able to view women as delicate vases while there are those who simply see them as material slaves who are supposed to serve and not be served in return, these differentiating view of women has been the focal point of the presentation of the major issues with regards women attention and treatment as per shown through the readings prepared by Kincaid and Wright.Comparison and Contrast  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Starting off with Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl†, she pointed out how particular cultures treat women as mere slaves. Someone who needs to be instructed on how to do things as they are actually expected to accomplish such duties for those whom they are supposed to serve [including their husbands and their families]. It seems like as if, it is through the accomplishment of these duties that they are given the rightful respect that they are due in the house and within the community that they are living in.Everything a girl is for is for the sake of her family and the ones she loves. At some point, some women today are living in this particular trend of treatment as received from their mates as well as from their families. Sadly though, only a few are able to realize that women ought to have their own voices, able to do what they really want to do for the sake of personal growth while accomplishing the tasks that they are expected to complete.Furthermore, no matter what tradition suggests, women are supposed to be viewed as complementary individuals for the success that men are particularly aiming for and not simply the slave driven to follow rules and instructions for better service to the people that they ought to love as women.For this reason, the selection â€Å"Flight† by Wright shows a different version of women treatment that is quite more pleasing than the previous explanation. In this selection, the author points out that he is in dire need of his mate that h e has made her the source of his life. He actually noted that he longed for her companionship and would thus trade anything else just to have her back beside him to share with him the life that they both planned to enjoy back then.Sadly though, there are only a few kinds of men today who would really see women in this manner. However, with the existence of true love and respect, the situation becomes much bearable to deal with.True, women are individuals wanting and needing of attention and respect. They are well aware that they are rather expected to complete different tasks in the house for their mates and their families as well.However, this is not an indication that they are then supposed to carry the burden of being disrespected although they are already doing the best of their efforts to complete their responsibilities as women of their families and their societies as well.It is never easy being a woman. Especially during this era of modernization, everything with regards the role of woman in the society and the family has already changed. It seems as if the responsibilities have changed.Moreover, the situation has already been rearranged by the fact that women now are not only expected to stay at home and do the chores, instead, they are now expected to become highly competitive as they are also expected to work long hours for money for the sake of their families. Imagine the huge amount of responsibilities that women particularly need to carry upon their shoulders, yet they continue to endure the hard times of life as it faces them.Overall Reaction to the ReadingsIf observed closely, the writings of Wright and Kincaid actually pertain to a gradual pattern of realization. Kincaid simply places an emphasis on how women are trained to be accustomed to the responsibilities that they are to face as they grow towards maturity while the writings of Wright uses the situation to be the basis of the thought of actually finding the right reasons to support a woma n and be her strength as a major source of inspiration for her to have the capability of completing her tasks well.ConclusionUnderstandably, the matter depends on the society’s realization of how women actually contributes to the progress of the society as a mother, as a wife, a friend and a worker. Recognizing the importance of women’s existence in this manner would indeed empower the people in becoming more respective and fine-mannered towards the treatment that they imply to the women in their own communities.Source:Jamaica Kincaid. â€Å"Girl†. http://www.turksheadreview.com/library/texts/kincaid-girl.html. (January 28, 2008).Franz Wright – Flight. http://pantasyangbayan.blogspot.com/2007/01/franz-wright-flight.html. (January 28, 2008).

Dai Sijie’s book ‘Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress’ Essay

In Dai Sijie’s book, ‘Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress’, the two main characters are brought together to experience the hardships of re-education but even then they manage to stay ‘hopeful’. Dai Sijie focuses on the survival and the power of human spirit and imagination to endure of Luo and the narrator, Ma. The boys stay ‘hopeful’ by finding solutions to their problems during the re-education. Luo feels physically tired and so turns back the hands of the clock to get some extra sleep so he can get through the day. The Little Chinese Seamstress tries and cures Luo of his disease even though she doesn’t have the proper medical equipment. Four-Eyes on the other hand continues to try and impress the peasants by risking the chance of getting caught with all the banned books by leaving his door open just to display his trust in the peasants and by hiding away meat and pretending that he doesn’t eat meat to please them. The boys can be viewed as ‘hopeful’ in the ways in which they adapt to and find solutions to the hardships of re-education such as manipulating the start of the working day with the alarm clock. The boys confess a few days after getting to the mountain and carrying the buckets of shit up and down the mountain, ‘in the end we had changed the position of the hands so many times we had no idea what the time really was.’ The boys take advantage of the peasants’ ignorance of technology to cheat the village of their labor. But they are only doing this because of the harshness of re-education that led them to be this physically drained out. They were being forced to turn into cheaters but for them this wasn’t deceiving, it was merely how they believed they could bring their bodies back to normal and start adapting to the change. By saying losing track of ‘what the time really was’, Dai Sijie also symbolizes their fear of never returning to their families and leading their old lives. Besides Luo finding a solution to the hard working conditions during the re-education, the Little Chinese Seamstress found a solution to curing Luo’s malaria and stayed ‘hopeful’. Although during the time of the re-education, there were no proper medical care and due to that Luo may have suffered from malaria for a long time. On the way to the Little Chinese Seamstress’s house for the oral cinema in her town, another attack struck Luo and when they arrived at, Luo looked really sick so the Little Chinese Seamstress used a natural medicine on him and hoped that it worked. She didn’t panic and act irrationally. The remedy that used was a natural paste made of the leaves of a plant called ‘Broken-bowl-shards.’ This shows that the Seamstress believes in nature and tries her luck wherever she can. She says ‘In my opinion you can’t believe in them totally, but you can’t deny them either.’ This just proves that whethe r or not the results are going to be as desired, it is definitely worth a shot. Four-Eyes is a representation of a character who would do anything to escape re-education and his continuous tries are what make him seem ‘hopeful’ that one day he will succeed. Ever since he has been living on the mountain, he doesn’t lock the doors of his house. When the readers first hear from him about this he claims that he is ‘so anxious to demonstrate his trust in the revolutionary peasants that he never used to lock his doors.’ This just proves how desperate he is for their trust. He leaves his door unlocked even though he has a hidden suitcase of books that if found, can get him into serious troubles but he is willing to take that risk. He is also abstaining from meat. ‘He would spring to his feet, quickly hide the pan in a corner as if it were contraband, and put out a dish of marinated vegetables.’ This not only portrays his fear, but the use of the word ‘contraband’ by Dai Sijie is interesting as it brings up other suggestions. Contrabands are illegally smuggled goods and the comparison between the meat and the contraband shows how scared Four-Eyes is. To Four-Eyes, ‘eating meat struck him a crime typical of the bourgeois class to which his family belonged’ so he decided to sacrifice eating meat. Four-Eyes stops at nothing to gain his pleasures. This single-mindedness in the face of adversity (when he breaks his glasses and the boys find him trying to carry the rice sacks alone) could be viewed as a form of hopefulness. To conclude, I have to say that the boys need to be credited for having dealt with their situations so optimistically. They only had a ‘three in a thousand chance’ of returning home but even then they have stayed ‘hopeful’ through the novel and took things as they came their way. I believe that the characters’ main way of staying ‘hopeful’ is by finding solutions to the problems and hardships of their life currently during the re-education at the Phoenix Mountain. What the two boys have taken from this experience definitely has been the ability to be independent and solve situations they are faced with and most importantly learnt that success can be achieved by staying ‘hopeful’. Also the books and their passion for literature has indeed played a part in this as the books is what has kept them going for this long and they work so hard all day only knowing that later at night they have the book to go back to and relax. Their hope to keep them going through the day is the thought of knowing that this means they can go home to reading. Four-Eyes on the other hand has this obsessive pursuit of freedom and his hope is what is keeping that driving force in him going but in this battle, he has lost his temper and feels agitated as his results are not coming out positive.

BASF

BASF is an expanding and growing chemical company that is based world wide.   With growing recognition for their products, BASF has been expanding and reaching a wider market place then in the past.   The major change for BASF was the take over of American Cyanamid and Takeda companies.   BASF has managed to focus its efforts on non-cyclical products to broaden its market base and increase the company’s growth potential globally.   The diversification and innovative technologies used by BASF has enabled it to sustain a large market presence, particularly in the non-cyclical product areas such as vitamins, crop protection, petrochemicals and plastics and fibers. In the past, vitamin companies were involved in a scandal with price fixing.   The scandal resulted in a loss in the market for all natural vitamins and many pharmaceutical products.   When BASF took over American Cyanamid the companies were able to produce herbicides that were competitive in price and betterment of crops.   Using this new process enabled BASF to get a jump on the vitamin competitors because the company was offering modified crops that were resilient against plant diseases, mildew and other harmful environmental factors. With the higher yielding plants, BASF is able to derive natural and quality ingredients needed to produce the vitamins and other pharmaceutical products.   Global competitors such as Roche have been challenged and no longer can claim the majority of the market with BASF’s innovative technologies as the new competition. In addition to the takeover of Cyanamid, BASF also took over the vitamin business from Takeda.   With the takeover, BASF has managed to capture the markets in Europe, North American and Asia.   Plans are being integrated for BASF to eventually takeover the pharmaceutical division of Takeda.   With the proposed changes, BASF could potentially corner the market on pharmacy drugs to compliment its already strong market presence for the vitamin industry. With growth and innovative technologies, BASF has been able to increase its market value for the vitamins and pharmaceuticals while decreasing the operating costs for the products.   This change in growth instills an even stronger presence in the market place for BASF.   Many of the primary ingredients that go into vitamins and nutritional supplements are produced by BASF thus reducing cost and making the company yield higher volumes of the products. In addition to crop protection, pharmaceutical plans and vitamin mergers, BASF has also focused its attention on the sale of petrochemicals.   BASF merged as a very strong market force for its colorants and finished products used in the automotive industry.   In this division of BASF record sells were achieved and anticipated to only increase in the following months and years.  Ã‚  Ã‚   BASF colors are of lasting quality and used as the primary protective coating for car dealers.   In addition, petrochemicals created by BASF have been used as safe and environmental friendly cleaning agents. Complimenting the development of environmentally friendly and easily disposable petrochemicals, BASF has used its innovative technologies to capture a wide range of the plastics and fibers market.   Many of BASF plastic and fibers are used as household products as well as in major companies.   Many of the plastic and fiber products manufactured by BASF are used for safe and quality packaging materials.   BASF focuses its efforts on producing plastics and fibers that are cost efficient to use for packaging materials as well as biodegradable has given BASF a jump on the market competitors for this part of the global market. As BASF continues to expand its resources into producing innovative and environmental friendly products, BASF is sure to do nothing but grow as a company.   Instead of focusing its investments and technologies strictly in one area, the company’s diversity enables BASF to obtain a substantial amount of profits in its non-cyclical parts of its operations. The company’s growth has been boosted tremendously.   The protection of crops, vitamin and pharmacy mergers, marketing of petrochemicals and increased environmentally friendly plastics and fibers has enabled BASF to not only be a diversified but also a competitive global company within the market place.   

Sickle Cell Anemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sickle Cell Anemia - Essay Example Each cell of a human body consists of a nucleus. All the genetic material required for the physical characteristics of a human being are present in the 23 chromosomes located inside the nucleus. A single unit of a DNA is called a gene. A gene provides us with the directions required for synthesizing a protein and these proteins are responsible for our traits. Each gene consists of a specific order of nucleotides and these nucleotides dictate the order of amino acids which in turn form chains and links to form proteins. These sequences of amino acids are very important because they are responsible for the shape, structure and characteristics of a protein. Any change in this sequence is called a mutation and the effects could be dreadful. Change in this sequence could cause the characteristics of a protein to change completely. Mutation is basically the spontaneous change in the structure of a gene or chromosome. There are many types of mutations and they could either be beneficial or harmful. This type of mutation is an example of a point mutation or a missense mutation, and is obviously extremely harmful, if the gene occurs in a homozygotic form. It occurs in the beta globin gene (HBB) which is present in the 11th chromosome. The HBB gene is responsible for normal blood production. The point mutation causes the beta hemoglobin molecule to convert the GAG codon into a GUG codon by transcription i.e. it encodes the amino acid valine rather than the seventh amino acid, glutamic acid. Valine is hydrophobic (water hating) causing the hemoglobin molecule to bend inwards, causing it to become sickle shaped. There are no other changes in the structure. The synthesis of any protein is a two-step process. Firstly the instructions in the gene, present in the DNA, are copied onto a messenger RNA (mRNA) with the help of RNA polymerase. The synthesis of the mRNA is a complex process. This stage is known as transcription. In this stage, the RNA polymerase breaks the bonds of the double helical molecule of DNA and with the help of base pairing, different RNA nucleotides are added one at a time. To understand the concept of base pairing, one needs to understand the structure of RNA first. Each RNA molecule consists of a nitrogenous base, sugar and a phosphate molecule. But unlike DNA, RNA is single stranded. During transcription, each DNA nucleotide is paired with a complimentary RNA nucleotide. The complimentary base pairs are as follows: Guanine with Cytosine Thymine(DNA) pairs with Adenine (RNA) Adenine (DNA) pairs with Uracil(RNA) One of the basic differences between DNA and RNA is of the nitrogenous bases. In place of Thymine, RNA contains Uracil. This method of base pairing ensures that the correct sequence of nucleotides, present in the DNA, is copied onto the mRNA chain. (Gary H. Perdew) These instructions consist of the sequence in which the amino acids should be linked together to form the protein. In this case, the new mRNA formed at the 11th c hromosome is encoded with the mutant code. Then the information on the mRNA bases is translated by the ribosomes so that they can place amino acids in the given order to form the protein that was coded for by the gene in this case, the beta s globin. Three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule are the code for one amino acid. This set of nucleotides is known as a codon. This sequence of codons is actually the code for the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Because of the point mutation the HBB gene

Statistics assignment Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment - Statistics Project Example where X1 , X2 , X3 are the three test scores and X is the final score. Assume that your test scores are (integer) values between 1 and 10 with equal probability 1/10, independently from each other. What is the probability mass function of the final score? Q6. (10) The metro train arrives at the station, always on time, near your home every quarter hour starting at 6:00 AM. You walk into the station every morning between 7:10 and 7:30 AM, with the time in this interval being a uniform random variable. The mean is the most commonly-used measure of central tendency in a distribution. The mean is valid only for interval data. Since it uses the values of all of the data points in the populations or sample, the mean is influenced by outliers that may be at the extremes of the data set. On the other hand, the median can be determined for ordinal data as well as interval data. Unlike the mean, the median is not influenced by outliers at the extremes of the data set. Q8. (10) A system consists of 3 components arranged in series. The lifetime (in days) of each component follows approximately an exponential distribution with a mean lifetime of 100 days. The lifetimes of the components are independent. Where p1(x, ï  ¬), p2(x, ï  ¬), p3(x, ï  ¬) are three independent exponential distributions in parallel. After some algebra and if we take q as any of the three independent exponential distributions, q = p1 or q = p2, q = q3, q = ï  ¬

Evaluate the Decision Making Process Assignment

Evaluate the Decision Making Process - Assignment Example Despite the forth coming problems, an effective and true decision, which is taken at right time, may also saves many of the important organizational resources (Ingram, 2010). According to the experts, the basic goal of the decision making process is to achieve some desired and set goals and objectives and avoid negative and poor consequences (Krehbiel, 2012). The firms’ managers always try to take a right decision at right time so that they can support the other organizational activities and thus giving a better output productivity. When any decision is taken in the organizational perspective than for sure it will help the organizational mangers but at the same time there can be some good or best decisions which not only support the organizational system but also add up to the efficiency of the organizational activities and the operations (Krehbiel, 2012). The process of decision making is a systematic progression which actually works in a step by step series. The process may starts with the recognition of the problem. This can be happen when the manager or any of workers may predict or forecast any possible problem or contingency in the very short run for the organization (Heckman & Crowston, 2011). Here it is not necessary that there will be a prediction of the problem rather the manger may come to know about the problem when they are badly struck in it. The critical point is that the manger or the firm mya truly identify the problem in the situation. Many of the mangers may get confuse between the actual problem and its symptoms. In most of the situation, the symptoms are very clear but the mangers may not track the problem exactly. Therefore, at first step the real identification of the problem is very important (Heckman & Crowston, 2011). Now in this situation the managers must carefully analyze all the possible factors and the reasons, so that they may come to know about the difference between the symptoms and the actual problem

Attempts to Repeal the Laws of Supply and Demand - The Market Strikes Assignment

Attempts to Repeal the Laws of Supply and Demand - The Market Strikes Back - Assignment Example Ultimately, the demand-supply coordinates are violated, hence shifting the curve principles outside the principle factors. The free market prices are fixed by the demand-supply laws; however when the law is not adhered to then this leads to what is known as cost distortion. While governments would impose price controls or create policies that would create crushing relationship between supply and demand, this would artificially distract the market mechanism. Hence, the cost dilemma would alter the relevance of the commodities and may lead to specific losses and out- of-the- market experiences. The market’s response to this would be termed in a balanced experience. The price in such instance would not fall below a specific level, known as â€Å"Price Floor’ and an attempt to repeal this would constitute to ‘product vacuum’ and would create scarcity and eventually imbalances in demand-supply

SWOT analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SWOT analysis - Essay Example Kathmandu Holdings Limited is an organisation committed to providing quality clothing and equipment for travel and adventure through its operated company stores. The major strength of the organisation lies in its capability to develop its brand and value which are satisfactory to the customer. This is a result of its vertically integrated business model which gives it control of its brand and products. This also allows it to achieve both a wholesale and retail margin. The major notable weakness for Kathmandu is that its success is over reliant on its reputation and branding. Unexpected issues can damage this reputation which is a weakness since there are no measures in place to counter this development should it happen. The opportunity for the company is that it has a network of company operated retail stores which makes it easy to gather information about the needs and wants of the customers. The other opportunity is that it has significantly invested in its IT systems to support its future growth plans. The other opportunity is that the organisation is strategically positioned to deliver attractive financial results to its shareholders and it allows public investors the opportunity to invest in business successfully. Its stance on brand awareness is another opportunity behind its success story in the market for outdoor travelling clothes and equipment. Likewise, this organisation does not operate in isolation from other firms. Of significant importance in this case is damage to Kathmandu’s brand as well as aggressive competition. This makes it a bit challenging for the organisation to maintain its competitive advantage as well as its dominance in the market with regards to the quality of its products that have greatly contributed to its success over the last years. The other threat is the risk associated with investing in the stock market generally where the management may not be able to

Marketing Management. Fast food Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Management. Fast food - Assignment Example In Canada fast food restaurant include Boston Pizza, Tim Horton and Swiss Chalet. In the UK fast food restaurants include included Easy Pizza, and Pizza Express. In this market the restaurant form chains which are in most cases centrally controlled, this restaurants have been criticised in the past that excess consumption of these foods will lead to obesity, the direct advertisements to children, the reduction of local cuisines and their lack to provide employment. Consumer behaviour is changing and the fast food industry is loosing market share to other restaurants that produce expensive meals to consumers, also the campaign against the consumption of these fast foods has led to a decrease in consumption. Advertising in the fast food restaurant is through television commercials, the print media, billboards and events sponsoring. Recently this food restaurant are now changing to internet advertising due to increased criticisms on television and media, Branding includes clothing, direct signs and posters. McDonald has sponsored the Olympic Games, FIFA world cup and NASCAR teams. Advertising plays a major role in marketing a product; advertising informs consumers on existing products, communicates the information about a product, stimulates the distribution of a product, increases product usage and finally builds brand preferences and loyalty through constant and consistent promotional campaigns. Fast food advertising in 2001 amounted to 635 million dollars for McDonald, 298 million dollars for Burger King, 179 million dollars for Tacos Bell and 148 million dollars for Pizza Hut. (http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/pdf/1479-5868-1-3.pdf) According to the fast food industry statistics the fast food industry is losing popularity due the constant campaigns, the campaigns are usually based on the fact that the food they produce cause obesity, the advertisement of junk food to children and this has led to countries introducing strict limitation on fast food advertisement and this has made them to advertise through the internet as an alternative to reach their customers. We there fore analyse the MacDonald restaurant to view their strategic planning on market throughout its historical development from a small restaurant to a multinational restaurant. Mc Donald Fast Food Restaurant. Mc Donald is the largest fast food restaurant in the world. It has dominated the American market and the rest of the world. The restaurant has many branches all over the world and they are similar in their services, staff uniform, menu, packaging and services with a smile. The principle of this restaurant is efficiency, calculability, uniformity and control through automation. It was founded in 1940 by Dick and Mac McDonald. This company has branches in 199 countries and serves close to 5 million customers dairy. In 2005 report, the company had a total of 45,777 employees, in the same year total revenue amounted to 20.466 billion US dollars and the net income to the restaurant amounted to 2.602 billion US dollars. The volume of food used every year are 32,000 tonnes of beef, 21,500 tonnes of chicken, 100 million eggs and 7,250 tonnes of cheese just to mention a few. Mc Donald and Dick ventured into the food business in 1937 by opening a hotdog stand in Arcadia California, they later expanded their business and in 1940

WICKED ANALYSIS PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WICKED ANALYSIS PAPER - Essay Example When this is coupled with her high intelligence and her activist aspirations, the conventional society within the book perceives her as evil, eventually dubbing her The Wicked Witch of the West. Because she can be seen as having a difference in the way she looks and because her belief systems do not agree with the current trends in government, Elphaba is viewed from her society as an instrument for evil. Author Gregory Maguire has given Elphaba many attributes beyond her green skin that make her different than the people around her. She was born with sharp teeth and her first act after the experience of being born was to bite off the finger of a fishwife (20). Maguire writes of her as she imitates a dragon during her infancy that â€Å"Her green skin made her more persuasive as if she were a dragon child. She roared again - â€Å"Oh sweetheart don’t† sad Frex - and she peed on the floor, and sniffed her urine with satisfaction and disgust.† (44). In developing the many aspects of her personality with stories that support her differences to the social setting around her, she is being set apart for aspects of physical representation that foreshadow differences in her social assimilation that will eventually turn her society against her. human beings themselves judge that conductâ€Å" (48). For Elphaba, this begins with her physical appearance. After this initial physical identifying characteristic is developed by Maguire, her defining moments become more deeply established in the disagreement she develops with societal decisions that she feels leave others in a disadvantaged position. The government had put restrictions on Animals - creatures who were capable of speaking and thinking in the same way as humans. In a compassionate stance, she begins to act on their behalf, behaving as a revolutionary. Because of her actions, her character begins to

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Example for Free

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Learning is a natural ability that is wired into many animals DNA; the way that humans should learn has been debated by the various educators because of the endless ways to teach. Teachers and parents take this matter seriously like Ralph Waldo Emerson in â€Å"From Education† and Todd Gitlin in â€Å"The Liberal Arts in an Age of Info-Glut† who created essays on education; and Billy Collins in â€Å"The History Teacher† entail for then and who wrote a poem concerned with the status of education. These people show what the importance of education is entailing what learning should and should not involve; a teacher should respect and have patience for children; a teacher should also let a child have creativity and lessons of the past. Many teens do not respect their teacher which might be because the teacher does not respect them; as the golden rule goes, â€Å"treat others the way you would treat yourself†; Ralph Waldo Emerson in â€Å"From Education† would probably agree with this quote because he strongly believes that, â€Å"the secret of [e]ducation lies in respecting the pupil,† (page 102). Shows that Emerson understood what children are thinking then did something to help them by simply respecting them. Another big issue with education is patience; some people do not have enough patience to guide children to what they are supposed to learn. Emerson also believes that patience is an important part in education, â€Å"to regard the young [children, they require] no doubt, rare patience: a patience that nothing but faith in medial forces of the soul can give,† Emerson was trying to say that someone has to really care in order to teach information to children (page 105). Some people do not see the point in having art classes or history classes; the reason why is because art assists students to express themselves in a way that words cannot along with helping them find out what kind of person they truly are; and history is needed to teach children where they originated from; and to show them mistakes that other people in the past made so they will not make them again. Todd Gitlin in â€Å"The Liberal Arts in an Age of Info-Glut† agrees with this â€Å"[students] need some orientation to philosophy, history, language, literature, music, and arts that have lasted more than 15 minutes,† (page 156) because students need the outlet to express themselves; or if they do not they would not learn morals then they would become exactly  what people were trying to stop; As shown in â€Å"The History Teacher† by Billy Collins who stated, â€Å"the children would leave his classroom for the playground to torment the weak and the smart,† all because â€Å"[the teacher tries] to protect his students’ innocence he told them the Ice Age was really just the Chilly Age, a period of a million years when everyone had to wear sweaters. And the Stone Age became the Gravel Age, named after the long driveways of time,† this demonstrates how not teaching children lessons of the past which are the brood violence’ that others committed in history; by not teaching this history it affects children’s behavior in real life (page 143). Morals are right and wrong many people’s morals will differ; this is why teaching them is tricky because the teacher’s morals might not be the same as the parent’s morals. This is why some of the history in textbooks is sometimes just the summary of what really happened but not enough for the main point to be set across unlike in â€Å"The History Teacher† where, â€Å"the Spanish Inquisition [is] nothing more than an outbreak of questions such as â€Å"How far is it from here to Madrid? †,† and â€Å"the War of the Roses took place in a garden, and the Enola Gay dropped one tiny atom on Japan,† explains when a teacher goes too far in trying to protect student’s mind from bad; when only good is taught and everything else is censored then the students become the opposite; because they do not know the consequences of doing bad, which is why history is taught. As teachers and parents they have to let their students make their own choices as shown in â€Å"From Education† Emerson says, â€Å"it is not for you to choose what he shall know, [or] what he shall do,† shows that sometimes a student needs to find out the consequences the hard way, and let them choose what they want to learn (page 143). Education is needed in modern day society to help students and children grow and help the nation; by giving students proper education the teacher are not really helping the students but they are helping themselves. Teaching creativity helps a student express themselves; respect should be given so the student can give it back; patience is needed to help them understand; morals need to be taught through history so the student will make fewer mistakes; these are essential to a good education and an even better future: as shown by the writings of Billy Collins, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Todd Gitlin.

Role of War in Society Essay Example for Free

Role of War in Society Essay Both The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli and Utopia by Thomas Moore examine the role and the importance of war to maintain a strong and successful society. More (via Hythloday) believes that war should be the last option and is not needed in a safe and happy government without the help of auxiliaries and mercenaries while on the other hand, Machiavelli believes that war plays a crucial war in a prosperous and thriving society using other troops and people to avoid war. Machiavelle uses his belief that war is the way to have a strong successful government to shape the society of Italy while More uses the belief of peace and forbearance of war to shape his utopian society. More and Machiavelli have opposing opinions on the values and how the way it can maintain a stability and prosperity in a society. Machiavelli believes that power is attained in a government through the conquering of war and that good law and government follows naturally from good military as we can see in Chapter 12. â€Å"The presence of sound military forces indicates the presence of sound law† (Machiavelli 37). This shows that he believes that a strong developing state directly involves the conquering of war. He believed that successful war is the very foundation upon which all states are built. Machiavelli praises Alexandar the Great, Cyrus, Scipio and Caesar as leaders who gained power through their conquering wars. â€Å"Anyone who reads Xenophon’s life of Cyrus must realize how close Scipio modeled himself on Cyrus, how much that imitation contributed to his glory, and how closely he conformed, in temperance, affability, humanity, and liberty to the thing that Xenophon wrote about Cyrus† (Machiavelli 42). In contrast, More shows his views on war through the Utopians. â€Å"Nothing more inglorious than that glory that is gained by war (More 64). The Utopians viewed war as the last resort and would avoid it at all costs. They hated war and found no glory in the practice of killing others. They would only engage in war to protect themselves and their people, to defend allies, and to relieve oppression. â€Å"No man is to be esteemed our enemy that has never injured us; and that the partnership of the human nature is instead of a league. And that kindness and good-nature unite men more effectually and with greater strength than any agreements whatsoever; since thereby the engagements of mens hearts become stronger than the bond and obligation of words† (More 64). This shows that agreement and unity was very important to the Utopians and they would do anything just to maintain it. They would also try their best to preserve good terms with the people or societies around them. In Machiavelle, all of the issues in the government are in a military point of view because the successfulness in war is crucial to the preservation of the government. â€Å"A prince must have no other objective, no other thought, nor take up any profession but that of war, its methods and its discipline, for that is the only art expected of a ruler. And it is of such great value that it not only keeps hereditary princes in power, but often raises men of lowly condition to that rank† (More 40). Military defense and the strategies required are primary to conquer in war and therefore sustain a happy society. Machiavelle uses the Prince to communicate the importance of war to the audience. â€Å"As for physical training, apart from keeping his troops well disciplined and exercised, he should do a great deal of hunting, and thus harden his body to strenuous exercise, meanwhile learning to read terrain.† This shows that he believed that having brute force would help his army in war to conquer the enemy. War is also what helps a prince to attain power and fortune therefore military and war should be his main priority while ruling. â€Å"..in times of peace he should think about it even more than in wartime. He can do this in two ways, by training the body and training the mind. As for physical training, apart from keeping his troops well and disciplined and exercised, he should do a great deal of hunting, and this harden his body to strenuous exercise..† (Machievelle 41) Princes should always and only think about war especially in times of peace. They need to always be prepared and be in a good state to go to war at any time. â€Å"As for exercising the mind, a prince should read history and reflect on the actions of great men.† Princes should examine the tactics that the past rulers used and put them into action. He should learn from them and learn from both their successes and loses and put them as an example for himself. More in his utopian society would rather use cunning to win rather than brute force because he considered strength to be trait belonging to animals. Unlike Machiavelle, when war is made, the utopians would try to use any technique just to stop war. First one is propaganda in which they would secretly post posters in the enemy territory offering big rewards to people that would assassinate the enemy leaders. The second technique they would use is to promise the throne to the enemy’s rulers brother if he helps the utopians. They would never let things debase to the point where a massacre would occur and would prevent it by not destroying too much of the enemy’s land. nothing more inglorious than that glory that is gained by war â€Å" (More 64). This shows how much the utopians are against war and how much they want to avoid it because they believe that it can ruin their utopian society. Machievelle also believed that one using one own army is best as seen through the example of Cesare Borgia. â€Å"I am never reluctant to cite Cesare Borgia and his deeds. The duke entered the Romagna with auxiliary troops, consisting entirely of Frenchmen; and with them he took Imola and Forli. But then when he found they were not to be trusted, he adopted mercenaries as less dangerous, and hired the Orsini and Vitelli. When he found they too were undependable, treacherous, and dangerous to his service, he got rid of them, and turned to the troops of his own.† (Machievelle 38) The danger with the auxiliaries was because they will always be loyal to their ruler in the end and will probably wait to attack you. Mercenaries on the other hand are better than the auxiliaries but still possess characteristics that are tricky and untrustworthy. Therefore, in the end, Machievelle states that using one’s own troops is the best as Cesare Borgia did in the end. In contrast, the Utopians use spies and bribery to try to stop war. They believe that mercenaries and auxiliaries are tricky but at the same time useful. â€Å"Their second preference is to make use of troops belonging to the nation they are trying to defend; and after them, they enlist as auxiliaries squadrons drawn from their other allies. Lastly they enroll their own citizens. But they always appoint one of their own men who has demonstrated his military capacity to be commander in chief of the whole army.† (More 140) The utopians would do anything to avoid war and they usually would use troops of other nations to fight in war and their troops could be the last resort. They would also avoid fighting on their own land and give the best care to their citizens. A counterargument would be that if ever an intruder invades the Utopian society, war would be initiated. â€Å"For you’ll never find yourself at wat except by your own choice, and peace, not war, ought always to be your first priority† (More 66) Yes if peace cannot be made, war would have to be initiated in the Utopian society but even so, peace is always their foremost choice before they initiate anytime of violence or way on another society. In conclusion, Machievelle’s and More’s contrasting views on war and the strategies and tactics used in war serve one purpose which is to create a stable and prosperous society. Machievelle believes that war using one’s own army is the most crucial factor in maintaining a happy society while More argues that avoiding war using bribery and mercenaries is what the government should be doing no matter what kind of tactics are needed to be used.

Inverse Matrix Condition Number

Inverse Matrix Condition Number Inverse Matrix and Condition No. Saswati Rakshit Contents (Jump to) Aim Scope/Applications Introduction/Basics Objective System Flow Mathematics Figure/Descriptions Future Works References Aim: Consider 2 random matrices B and C of size 8Ãâ€"8 and write a cpgm / matlab to find A to satisfy the bellow condition: If AÃâ€"B = C Prove A = CÃâ€"B-1 And repeat the pgm for matrix of size 32Ãâ€"32 and 128Ãâ€"128. Scope/Application: In many applications we require inversion of matrix. In Linear Algebra, if AÃâ€"B=C, and from B and C we can compute A where A=CÃâ€"B-1. Stimulus-Response Computations In this framework, a system is provided with an input, called a  stimulus, and the resulting response of the system is measured. Some typical examples of stimuli are visual scenes i.e. if we increase incident light’s intensity then scene’s brightness will increase. The general goal is to find a  function  that accurately describes the relation between stimulus and response. Many systems can be modeled as a linear combination of equations, and thus written as a matrix equation: [Interactions]{response}= {stimuli} The system response can thus be found using the matrix inverse. Sometimes in image processing application if we have noisy image matrix and if we know what the noise matrix was added we can find the clear image by multiplying noisy image matrix with inverted noise matrix. Intro/Basics: We have considered two 8Ãâ€"8 matrices B and C. We suppose AÃâ€"B = C. Now by performing matrix multiplication on A and B we get C. Now we have to compute A from B and C. So AÃâ€"B = C and we have to proof A = CÃâ€"B-1. It is conceptually easy to compute AÃâ€"B = C and to find A = CB-1 for 2 dimensional matrices. But for large dimensional matrices it is not possible to easily compute because there is some round off errors in A which is the result of B-1 related to B’s condition number. Thecondition numberof a function with respect to an argument measures how much the output value of the function can change for a small change in the input argument. The condition number of a regular (square) matrix is the product of the norm of the matrix and the norm of its inverse and hence depends on the kind of matrix-norm. Condition number of a square nonsingular (invertible) matrix A is defined by: cond () = |||| ·|||| where the || ·|| above could be any of the norms defined for matrices. The numerical value of the condition number of an nÃâ€"n matrix depends on the particular norm used .The norm of a square matrix A is a non-negative real number denoted by ||A||. These matrix norms have the following properties: 1. ||A|| à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ° if A ≠  0 2. ||à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §A|| à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼A|| for any scalar value à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼A|| à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼B|| ≠¤ à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼A|| à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼B||à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼AB|| ≠¤ à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼A|| ·Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼B||à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ µÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ax|| ≠¤ à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼A|| ·Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼||à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for any vector The norm of a matrix is a measure of how large its elements are. It is a way of determining the â€Å"size† of a matrix that is not necessarily related to how many rows or columns the matrix has. Three commonly used norms are: 1. The 1-norm: = This is the maximum absolute column sum where simply we sum the absolute values down each column and then take the biggest answer. 2. The inifinity-norm: = This is the maximum absolute row sum where simply we sum the absolute values along each row and then take the biggest answer. 3. The Euclidean norm: = This is the square root of the sum of all the squares. However, regardless of the norm, this condition number is always greater or equal to 1. If it is close to one, the matrix is well conditioned which means its inverse can be computed with good accuracy. If the condition number is large, then the matrix is said to be ill-conditioned. Practically, such a matrix is almost singular (not invertible), and the computation of its inverse or solution of a linear system of equations is prone to large numerical errors. A matrix that is not invertible has the condition number equal to infinity. Mathematically, if the condition number is less than ∞, the matrix is invertible. Numerically, there are roundoff errors which occur. A high condition number means that the matrix is almost non-invertible. The higher the condition number, the greater is the error in the calculation. This condition number helps to estimate how difficult a matrix will be to numerically invert. This condition number has certain properties: 1. For any matrix A, cond (A) ≠¥Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  1 2. For identity matrix, cond (I) = 1 3. For any matrix A and scalar à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §, cond à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  A) = cond (A) 4. For any diagonal matrix D = Diag(di), cond (D) = (max |di|)/(min|di|) A matrix A is ill-conditioned if relatively small changes in the input (in the matrix A) can cause large change in the output (the solution of Ax = b), i.e. the solution is not very accurate if input is rounded. Otherwise it is well-conditioned. If a matrix is ill-conditioned, then a small roundoff error can have a drastic effect on the output. However, if the matrix is well-conditioned, then the computerized solution is quite accurate. Thus the accuracy of the solution depends on the conditioning number of the matrix. Objective: To know how to determine the matrix inverse in an efficient manner. If AÃâ€"B=C and we have to prove A=CÃâ€"B-1 where A, B and C are nÃâ€"n matrices (n = 8, 32, 128) and find out the condition number of matrix using norms and finding accuracy. System flow: Steps performed: 1. Taking two matrices B and C of order 8Ãâ€"8. 2. Performing Matrix multiplication and result is stored in matrix A (performed using C Code) 3. Now calculate B-1 (performed using C Code) 4. Now again multiplying C and B-1. We get result matrix which is not accurate. 5. We need to calculate norms and condition number of a matrix (B) so we need to find norms of B and B-1. We can calculate norms in different way. Here we have used most popularly used 3 types of norms to calculate condition number of that matrix (B) which we need to get in inverse form. The norms are: 1-norm = Infinity-norm = iii) Euclidean norm = 6. Now we use norms to find condition number of matrix B by using formula cond (B) = |||| ·|||| Flow Diagram yes no Math For 22 Matrix First we consider a 22 matrix such that A= B= So by multiplying A and B we ge a 22 matrix C = Now We need to prove A=CB-1 So we need to find B-1 B-1 = 0.800 -0.200 -0.600 0.400 So now by doing CxB-1 = =A (proved) Before finding B-1 we can calculate condition number of B for the correctness of above proof, As we know cond (B) = |||| ·|||| Condition number using the 1-norm and inifinity-norm: Formula used Row Sum taking absolute values B = 2 13 3 47 Column sum 5 5 (taking absolute values) (max) Row sum B-1 = 0.800 -0.200 1.000 -0.600 0.400 1.000 Col Sum 1.4 .6 Applying 1-Norm = = maximum absolute column sum = 5, 1 = 1.4, So, cond1 (B) =  ·1 = 5Ãâ€"1.4= 7 Applying infinity-norm = = max absolute row sum = 7, ∞ = 1 So, cond∞ (B) =  ·Ã¢Ë†Å¾ = 7 Like this way we have also found condition number using the Euclidean norm which is = =5.47 = 1.095 CondE (B) =  ·E = 5.82 Here cond(B) is low in all cases.so we successfully get A =C. Because of low condition number of B,the inverse of B is acceptable. For 88 Matrix A = 1 2 3 4 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 4 3 4 2 1 4 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 1 3 2 1 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 B= 4 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 1 4 3 4 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 1 1 C=AÃâ€"B=27 30 28 52 27 37 28 20 35 38 42 64 35 46 35 27 42 35 41 59 37 43 31 27 29 29 32 49 28 37 27 22 34 30 35 50 32 39 28 25 22 24 24 41 21 29 22 17 23 25 22 39 22 30 20 15 34 33 30 53 32 40 28 23 B-1= -0.016 -0.429 0.063 0.524 0.063 -0.397 -0.222 0.587 -0.365 0.143 -0.540 0.048 0.460 -0.127 -0.111 0.508 0.095 0.071 -0.381 -0.143 0.119 0.381 -0.167 -0.024 0.270 -0.214 0.921 -0.905 -0.579 0.746 0.278 -0.484 0.206 0.571 0.175 -0.810 0.175 0.159 -0.111 -0.635 0.079 0.143 -0.317 0.381 -0.317 -0.016 0.111 0.063 -0.571 0.071 -0.714 1.857 0.786 -1.286 -0.500 0.643 0.159 -0.214 0.365 -0.238 -0.135 -0.032 0.722 -0.373 A=CÃâ€"B-1 =0.995 1.983 3.029 3.987 1.029 1.984 2.006 0.979 1.992 2.975 1.035 3.983 3.035 3.980 2.005 0.972 3.989 0.971 3.029 1.984 3.029 2.981 1.006 1.970 1.993 1.980 1.027 3.987 2.027 1.984 2.004 0.977 2.991 1.976 1.027 3.986 3.027 0.983 2.004 0.974 0.996 0.986 2.022 2.990 1.022 1.987 2.004 0.983 0.994 1.986 1.021 1.991 1.021 1.988 1.005 1.982 1.992 1.979 3.028 2.987 2.028 0.983 2.007 1.975 Relative Error for A11=(1-.995)=.005,A12= 0.017 and so on When we perform CÃâ€" B-1, we do not get original value of A because of B-1. If B-1 is not accurate we will not get accurate A. To get accuracy of A-1 we need to find condition number of B. As we know cond (B) = |||| ·|||| Condition number using the 1-norm and inifinity-norm: Formula used Row Sum taking absolute values B = 4 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 19 2 3 1 4 3 4 2 1 20 (max) 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 1 16 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 13 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 18 1 2 3 4 1 2 2 1 16 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 12 3 3 1 3 2 3 1 1 17 Column sum 16 16 15 25 16 19 13 11 (taking absolute values) (max) B-1 = For B-1, Row sum (max) taking absolute values = 6.428 (7th row) and column sum(max) taking absolute values = 4.906 (4th column) Applying 1-Norm = = maximum absolute column sum = 25, 1 = 4.906, So, cond1 (B) =  ·1 = 25Ãâ€"4.906 = 122.65 Applying infinity-norm = = max absolute row sum = 20, ∞ = 6.428 So, cond∞ (B) =  ·Ã¢Ë†Å¾ = 20Ãâ€"6.428 = 128.56. Like this way we have also found condition number using the Euclidean norm which is = 17.83. So here we can say that as the condition number of matrix B is high for all three cases, therefore the inverse of this matrix is showing numerical roundoff errors. Concept of Relative Error and Condition Number assume A is nonsingular and Ax = b if we change b to b + à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  b, the new solution is x + à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x with A(x + à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x) = b + à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  b the change in x is à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x = A-1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  b ‘condition’ of the solution †¢ the equations are well-conditioned if small à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  b results in small à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x †¢ the equations are ill-conditioned if small à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  b can result in large à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x [Singular matrix:A square matrix is called singular matrix if it’s determinant is zero.i.e. a singular matrix is not invertible] Example: Consider the linear system Ax = b with So = So here we easily find x= Now ,we change a small in b.let change in b is à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  b= So changed value= and solving the system A = we get =A= where x= changed to = due to small change in b. Now to calculate least condition number of the system we need to find Relative Error in the output and relative error in the input. Here we have relative error in the input/relative residual. = 0.01 Relative Error in the output =1 As we know, If condition number is closed to 1 then relative error and relative residual will be close. The condition number is defined by: Relative error in the output =Condition number Ãâ€" Relative error in the input. So,condition number= 1/.01=100 A matrix has high condition number is related to the fact that A is close to the singular matrix B= The following result shows that 1/cond(A) indicates how close A is to a singular matrix.Here cond(A) is 100 so, 1/cond(A)=.01 which is close enough. Description: The condition number associated with the  linear equation  Ax=bgives a bound on how inaccurate the solutionxwill be after approximation. This is before the effects of  round-off error  are taken into account; conditioning is a property of the matrix. Weshould think of the condition number as being the rate at which the solution,x, will change with respect to a change inb. Thus, if the condition number is large, even a small error inbmay cause a large error inx. On the other hand, if the condition number is small then the error inxwill not be much bigger than the error inb. The condition number may also be infinite, but this implies that the problem does not possess a unique, well-defined solution for each choice of data that is, the matrix is not invertible, and no algorithm can be expected to reliably find a solution. For large dimensional matrix such as for 3232 and 128128, the condition number is high and so inverse of that large dimensional matrix will give much error in output. Codes and Output Matrix multiplication int main() { int m, n, p, q, c, d, k, sum = 0; int A[10][10], B[10][10], C[10][10]; printf(Enter rows and columns of An); scanf(%d%d, m, n); printf(Enter the elements of An); for (c = 0; c for (d = 0; d scanf(%d, A[c][d]); printf(Enter rows and columns of Bn); scanf(%d%d, p, q); printf(Enter the elements of Bn); for (c = 0; c for (d = 0; d scanf(%d, B[c][d]); for (c = 0; c for (d = 0; d for (k = 0; k sum = sum + A[c][k]*B[k][d]; } C[c][d] = sum; sum = 0; } } for (c = 0; c for (d = 0; d printf(%dt, C[c][d]); printf(n); } getch(); } Matrix inverse #include #include int main() { float a[10][10],b[10][10],tem=0,temp=0,temp1=0,temp2=0,temp4=0,temp5=0; int n=0,m=0,i=0,j=0,p=0,q=0; printf(Enter size of 2d array(Square matrix) : ); scanf(%d,n); for(i=0;i { for(j=0;j { printf(Enter element no. %d %d :,i,j); scanf(%f,a[i][j]); if(i==j) b[i][j]=1; else b[i][j]=0; } } for(i=0;i { temp=a[i][i]; if(temp temp=temp*(-1); p=i; for(j=i+1;j { if(a[j][i] tem=a[j][i]*(-1); else tem=a[j][i]; if(temp temp=temp*(-1); if(tem>temp) { p=j; temp=a[j][i]; } } //row exchange in both the matrix for(j=0;j { temp1=a[i][j]; a[i][j]=a[p][j]; a[p][j]=temp1; temp2=b[i][j]; b[i][j]=b[p][j]; b[p][j]=temp2; } //dividing the row by a[i][i] temp4=a[i][i]; for(j=0;j { a[i][j]=(float)a[i][j]/temp4; b[i][j]=(float)b[i][j]/temp4; } //making other elements 0 in order to make the matrix a[][] an indentity matrix and obtaining a inverse b[][] matrix for(q=0;q { if(q==i) continue; temp5=a[q][i]; for(j=0;j { a[q][j]=a[q][j]-(temp5*a[i][j]); b[q][j]=b[q][j]-(temp5*b[i][j]); } } } printf(nnn); printf(Inverse of the matrix using Guass jordan elimination method:nn); for(i=0;i { for(j=0;j { printf(%.3f,b[i][j]); } printf(n); } getch(); } Matrix Condition Number #include #include int main() { int i,j,n,p,x=0,m=0,q,z=0,i1,j1; float Cond_A,poo,a[5][5],b[5],c[5],A[50][50],B[50][50],k[50],l[50]; printf(n n); printf(Program to find condition number of a matrix using infinity-norm); printf(n nn); printf(Enter rows and columns of An); scanf(%d%d, m, n); printf(Enter the elements of An); for (i = 0; i for (j = 0; j scanf(%f, A[i][j]); for(i=0;i { b[x]=0;c[x]=0; for(j=0;j { b[x]=b[x]+A[i][j]; } ++x; } for(i=0;i //FINDING LARGEST { if(b[i]>m) m=b[i]; } printf(largest row sum is %d,m); printf(nnEnter rows and columns of inv[A]n); scanf(%d%d, p, q); printf(Enter the elements of [A]n); for (i1 = 0; i1 for (j1 = 0; j1 scanf(%f, B[i1][j1]); for(i1=0;i1 { k[z]=0;l[z]=0; for(j1=0;j1 { k[z]=k[z]+B[i1][j1]; } ++z; } poo = k[0]; for(i1=1;i1 //FINDING LARGEST { if(k[i1]>poo) poo=k[i1]; } printf(largest row sum is %f,poo); Cond_A=m*poo; printf(nnCondition number of A is %f,Cond_A); //return 0; getch(); } Future works: If we work with a foggy image matrix(C) and we know the fog matrix(B) added to that image and the relation AÃâ€"B = C exist we will know whether it is possible to get the clear image matrix(A) by doing CÃâ€"B-1 calculating condition number of matrix B. If the condition number of matrix B is high then it is not possible to get accurate A from CÃâ€"B-1 as roundoff errors will increase. References: Matrix Inverse and Condition, Berlin Chen, Department of Computer Science Information Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University. Inversion error, condition number, and approximate inverses of uncertain matrices,  Laurent El Ghaoui, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,  University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. faculty.nps.edu/rgera/MA3042/2009/ch7.4.pdf www.rejonesconsulting.com/CS210_lect07.pdf http://teal.gmu.edu/ececourses/ece699/notes/note4.html Weisstein, Eric W. Matrix Norm. From MathWorldA Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MatrixNorm.html