United states search for alternative fuel sources Essay Example for Free

United states attend for secondary provoke sources EssayThe world over, nations economies depend on fuel sources for their reaping. give nonice sources are crucial as they offer fuel and act as sources of bureau for the production of goods and services. A nations economic growth is precise crucial since it also affects the politics of the nation as well as peoples social life. Consequently, nations have had an increased demand to develop pick fuel sources. The United States of the States has not lacked behind.As a developed nation, it has been compelled to see to it that it develops and adopts pick fuel sources so as to sustain its economic growth and ensure that the future economy is safe. In the United States of America, the search for alternative fuels was nonoperational a matter of concern. Before the year 1920, the super power was still in the verge for searching for alternative fuel sources. In fact, the Stanley Steamer Automobile was not in the market by the mi d 1930s (Bernstein, pp 54) the steamer clam was powered by different types of fuel i.e. gasoline, coal, charcoal, raw petroleum and wood. Combustion of coal and another(prenominal) petroleum products produced smog, which was a health hazard.Gasoline then became the all source of power for motor vehicles (Berinstein, pp 59). Alternative fuels are usually used to mean fuels for motor vehicles but not gasoline. Any other fuel that is not fossil can also be termed as an alternative fuel source. Alternative sources of energy or power like hydroelectric dams and geothermal power plants cannot be said to be alternative fuel sources.Alternative fuel is also known as non- effected fuels. The term alternative fuels usually refer to renewable sources of energy (Hass, pp 61). Examples of common alternative fuels included biodiesel, ethanol, butanol, chemically stored electricity (batteries fuel cells), peanut oil, hydrogen methane, and natural gas. The growing interest of people desiring to change their look of life is one of the factors which has led to the search for alternative sources of fuel in the United States of America.People desire to raise their living standards by looking for alternative sources of fuel. They need power sources, which are efficient and can be relied on. In addition, United States economy is high and the nation wants to ensure that production and manufacturing of goods and services is not affected so the nation has seen to it that sources of power are efficient and reliable. As a Super power, the United States of America has to ensure that its politics are carried out well not to forget its fight against terrorism which requires effective power sources.One of the reasons for the search for alternative fuel sources is sustainability. The economy, environment, and the geopolitics of the United States of America require sources of fuel which can be sustained. One of the main aims when looking for a source of fuel is its ability to store en ergy. The energy has to be stored in a phase that is stable and that can be transported easily from its point of production to the consumer. Most fuels that store chemical potential energy are referred to as chemical fuels. This is all-important(prenominal) so that the user will consume the fuel whenever he wants.The energy released is in the form of heat and can be used as a source of power for an engine or a source of heat for a building. Most alternative sources of fuel can be used much than once and can sustain their energy for long a long current of time. The United States of America has had a great zeal and zest to search for alternative fuel sources. This is as a result of the environmental hazards caused by the existing ones. Secondly, another major concern has been the fact that, direct use of conventional fuels may contribute to the global warming crisis.Continued use of alternative fuels in the United States of America has affected and will continue to affect the gro unds economy. For instance, in the 1940s, there was a lot of smog in American cities, which caused a serious hazard to its environment ( Bernstein pp 60) in the 1960s, most of Americas waters were not fit for human consumption because there was a lot of acid rain poisoning (Flavin, pp 98 ). As a result, American States decided to rise up and fight air pollution, which was majestic in their states. Each state stood by itself and decided to take measures to end the eminent dangers.Laws were enacted by the federal government whose aim was to reduce air pollution and eventually end it (Hostetter pp 76). In the early 1990s, vehicles powered by ethanol were introduced in the market in a bid to meet the regulations of the 1990 Clean Air Act in the United States. By the end of the year 1999, ethanol, which is produced from corn and other plant products yield approximately $5 billion (US Dollars) annually to farmers (Hass pp 60). Vehicles powered by electricity were also introduced in the m arket. The major set back with these vehicles was that recharging pose a major challenge to the users.Manufacturers also opted to substitute traditional diesel, which is derived from vegetable oil with biodiesel. Motor vehicle manufacturers in the United States of America have best-loved to use methanol, which is derived from natural gas. Consequently, gasoline has been substituted with compressed natural gas (Hass, pp 61). In developed countries like the United States of America, a great percentage of the total energy budget is spent on trucks and automobiles. Since most of the interests on alternative sources of fuels have paid a lot of attention on vehicles used for transportation, which consume well ?of petroleum consumption, most alternative fuels have been found not to be effective (Berinstein pp 34) In the United States of America, alternative fuels are designed with the citizens inescapably in mind, not withstanding the types of needs, whether economic, political or envir onmental. For instance, in the Mid-West of the United States of America particularly in Illinois and Minnesota, gasoline is more expensive than E85, environmentally cars powered by gasoline pollute 90% more than those powered by electricity (Hass, pp 62).It is costly for governments to develop alternative fuels. Most governments offer task breaks to manufacturing companies, which develop alternative sources of energy (Berinstein, pp 45). Consequently, this will affect a countrys economy and the United States of America is no exception. In addition, the amount of available oil reserves is uncertain. It is difficult to see underground and determine the amount of oil reserves even if the reserves have been supplying oil for a long period of time (proven-reserves).Nowadays, oil extraction process uses a lot of energy, electrical energy and heat, which comes from natural gas, which is in short supply. Currently, non-conventional oil production is not truly efficient in producing energy and has a large environmental impact than conventional oil production (Berinstein pp 69) In conclusion, the United States of America will relentlessly continue to search for alternative fuel sources, which will continue to affect the countrys economy, both negatively and positively, in the present and in the future.This is because worldly concern cannot meet their social, economic and political needs without the use fuels. What the United States needs is to ensure that the alternative fuel sources can be sustained and cannot cause health hazards to the environment.ReferencesBerinstein, P. Alternative Energy Facts, Statistics and Issues. Westport, Conn. Oryx Press, 2001. Flavin, C. Clean as a Breeze. Time, 15 December 1997. 60-62 Hass, N. Alternative Fuels. Financial World, 19 January 1993. Hostetter, M. , ed. Energy Policy. New York H. W. Wilson. 2002.

Internet Threats and Security for Protection

net profit Threats and Security for ProtectionIntroductionTechnology is still under development in Saudi-Arabian Arabia and has not r for each oneed the advance level as its achieveed in UK and USA. Therefore profit Security is still a main as healthful as a major issues to al closely straines and organisations in Saudi Arabia.Media creationise surrounding the topic of Internet earnest displace weary the general public, as the novice users. The continual talk of the latest virus alerts, which stool down corrupted thousands and stories of teenagers hacking into engagements and stealing numerous trainings such(prenominal) as personal details, realisation card details separate details which relates to different institution, is enough to put whatsoever peerless forbidden the idea using their personal details over the Net. All this media hype needs to be addressed to see if it is save that, or is there a ground for wholly this sensationalism.The chances to actually u ndergo extensive look for and establish leads and ideas that I book not serve across before ab reveal Internet Security, it is a major challenge for me and I feel that by conducting this query it go forth broaden my k forthwithl rim about Internet Security and also hand stack understand the aspects of Internet Security which they warent come across before.AbstractThis dissertation looks at the question Is The Internet Secure?. Where reliable is defined as secure enough to trade or pass teaching via the Internet. With the constant media hype of Internet Security, it felt that this title to be one of interest and appealed. Therefore, investigate include, determining what types of organisations ar present on the net, and categorising them into several groups. Studying past literature to determine all possible threats on the Internet and then to demonstrate possible solutions to these threats.As society is in the information transformation, in which the Internet is the mai n channel for distribution, this atomic number 18a of research is related to each and every one of us. Internet trading is a common practice amongst the impertinent age. However, this is a subject that needs to be addressed to see whether all this Media Hype is just that, or is their just grounds for concern.With the issue of users on the Internet growing daily, and businesses becoming completely dependant on technology, serious issues of vulnerability need to be looked at. To ensure that no gaps appear in the security aspects of Internet, which will in turn trap the new users. Conclusions where made by in catched and researched based companies.This research removes to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of Internet Security. The Internet is a medium that will be a farewell of future generations, and it is paramount that it is managed mightily and to ensure it does not shoot devastating consequences for those involved in its operation. The research carried out dra ws the conclusion, that the Internet is not a secure for trading, and that a regulatory embody is required or a more structured policing.Therefore more actions from organisations are needed as well as from the government. Future research bottom of the inning concentrate on entropy recovery methods, application methods and interviewing in more depth and on a longer scale.AcknowledgementChapter OutlineChapter1The introductory of this chapter starts with the commentary of I.T security. It follows on with what the aims and objectives are and the methodology followed during the fact finding exercise. The chapter outlines the scope and the limitations of the project.Chapter 2This chapter describes how the internet was formed and how it has true. Finally it highlights the key developments of the internet throughout its earlyish life history cycle, and the produce of its user base.Chapter 3Defines the types of businesses that trade on the net categorising them into several divisio ns, which are further explained in the appendix. This chapter also talks about online riming and how to acquire over the Internet.Chapter 4Starts by discussing the dominance threats of viruses, how they work and how they spread. It also discusses what different authors believe to be the main threats of the Internet. It also talks about all the voltage threats and briefly defines each one.Chapter 5Discusses the potential answers to the security issues, broadly discussing all of the security applications available. The chapter introduces calculating machine security as well as the different application.Chapter 6The fact finding stage highlights the responses gained from the organisations, which were interviewed. The findings were incorporated into graphs to illustrate the answer.Chapter 7To conclude this study, the author discusses what the project aims were, how the findings were achieved and wherefore came to this conclusion. A SWOT analysis was also carried out to assist the conclusion.AppendixAny information that did not fit in the thesis, which the author felt important, is included in the appendices. There are also other documents and information, which has been referenced in the dissertation in the appendices.I.T security as defined in this dissertation is the practices, procedures, applications and services which ensure a security breach or loss of use of a computer system does not occur. Security provides protection for IT system resources from human action. The security products, services and procedures used will aim to protect each hardware or data in the system.1 IntroductionMedia hype surrounding the topic of Internet security can scare the general public, as the novice users. The continual talk of the latest virus alerts, which perk up corrupted thousands and stories of teenagers hacking into networks and stealing numerous informations such as personal details, credit card details other details which relates to different institution, is en ough to put anyone off the idea using their personal details over the Net. All this media hype needs to be addressed to see if it is just that, or is there a ground for all this sensationalism.1.1Human ActionHuman-inspired security breaches are defined as accidental or deliberate, passive or active attacks, which result in the loss or damage of I.T system hardware, software or data. This can come in some guises, as the following(a) shows viruses where a program is placed on a system with the intention of corrupting its processing.The theft of data.Hacking deliberately gaining unaccredited access to a computer system.The invasion of privacy, through the unauthorised disclosure of data and breaches of data protection legislation.Sabotage interfering with the processing of a system, such as the placing of a clone machine.1.2The Key areas of I.T SecurityI.T security involves a number of key areas. The most important of these are introduced under the following headings.1.2.1 E-Comm erceE-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) enables measures to secure entanglement merchants sites from external hacking and intrusion, with the aim to develop secure online transactions. E-Commerce requires the means to engage in electronic transactions without the fear that credit card details and bank details could get into the wrong hands. These involve, for example, the use of secure payment servers and secure software servers.1.2.2 Network SecurityThe aim of network security is to fashion a secure environment in which the users can send classified information and business applications solely to those people that they wish to receive them, preventing others from accessing the data. This is an issue of increasing concern, granted the growing importance of networks to companies. This aspect of security tends to resolve around using network management and security software tools, and developing network security policies.1.2.3 Virus ProtectionTo prevent computer viruses from infecting I.T systems, companies use anti-virus software and alert systems.The requirements for information security as well as the type of products and services used to have undergone a major transformation since 1995. The need for security has widened, where traditionally it was confined mainly to governments, protecting classified data, financial institutions and protecting messages with monetary value, today most medium-sized to large organisations require information security.The growth of computer networks, group working and mobile working, and the subsequent need to communicate with contacts outside the organisation, has made I.T systems more generate to external forces and more vulnerable to internal action. Today, security is demanded to handle conversations through the internet, intranet, extranet and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). All of these technologies use common, standardised networking protocols and such networks are exposed to greater security threats than before.In a m odern computer network, employees share information with each other, and companies share information with their suppliers, partners and customers. This calls for a more educate security system, which is more comprehensive and flexible than the products and services used in the past, and which can be deployed to a large number of users in a consistent, achievable and secure fashion.1.3 Aims and ObjectivesIntroduce and provide an overview of the development of the Internet. How it was started and how it works.Identify the diverse nature of businesses that trade on the Internet, their roles and their functions.Identify and disseminate the literature available on threats essential in the use of the Internet including viruses and secure transmission of data.Identify and discuss the appropriate solutions for any potential threats for internet security.Evaluate and conclude the arguments, to discuss potential ways of enforcing a suitable security policy for web-based companies.1.4 Metho dologyInformation for this study was gathered from journals, books, Internet sources and certain company documentation pertaining to Internet security. The exceed form of methodology for this type of research would be to use Quantitative and Qualitative analysis as well as the use of secondary sources, as mentioned.Quantitative research was used to gain rich information, basically finding out the experts opinions from the relevant areas of expertise, for the research. The qualitative research consisted of a questionnaire with open ended and some(prenominal) closed questions. The main aim of this questionnaire was to elaborate on the authors literature review, basically agreeing or disagreeing with the literature presented on this study. For the quantitative aspect of the research a abruptly structured questionnaire was designed, this consisted of closed questions, which would give a statistical look to the fact-findings chapter. This questionnaire was distributed in Preston and J eddah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). Closed question questionnaires were used to obtain the awareness of the issues presented, to gain views, beliefs and carriage to these. The questionnaires were designed to ensure lenient reading, therefore overcoming any confusion on the respondents behalf. Questions were explained to ensure complete reliability in their responses1.5Limitations and scope of DissertationAs Internet Security is a very large topic, this author has limited his research to the followingTypes of businesses on the web, categorising them in several areas.Discussing threats that past authors identified.Discussing possible solutions to these threats that past authors identified.Carrying out a archetypal hand fact-finding excersing to either agree with the literature or disagree.Setting out the key differences.Summarising the thesis and presenting the findings.2What is the Internet and how it startedThe revolution in computer networking has made it possible for personal comp uters able to communicate with each other. This chapter is about the Internet and basically a history of its beginning. It provides a comprehensive view of literature regarding factors that promote e-commerce and aid the new era of online banking. The scale of the Internet is awesome and therefore more and more people are connecting to the net. Statistics continues to grow on a daily basis at an alarming rate. People from all walks of life, not just the scientist, teachers and computer experts use the Internet.2.1Origins of the InternetThe Internet has its roots in a network set up by the United States Department of defence in the early 1970s (Ellsworth 1994). This network (ARPANET) was a collection of 4 computers. By 1996 the Internet was a collection of over 50,000 networks. The methods they slowly developed included a Protocol (which is a computer language) allowing dissimilar computer systems to communicate, and a method that routed data through multiple communication paths usi ng groups of data with their own destination addresses built in packets. Prior to this technology, even with machines that were compatible, the used had physically carry magnetic tapes and insert them into another machine in order to transfer data from one computer to another. With the new technology, a computer only if has to put its data into envelope called an Internet Protocol (IP) packet, and address the packet correctly to send a message on the network. The philosophy was that every computer on the network could talk to any other computer.2.2NSF DevelopmentsIn the late 1980s the National Science Foundation (NSF), started expanding its own NSFNET using the technology developed by ARPANET.(Krol 192). Five supercomputer centres at major universities were created, and connections were used for e-mail, and for transferring data and information between sites. This created a communications problem, they needed a way to connect their centres together and to allow the clients of thes e access.In response, the NSF built its own network based on ARPANET Internet Protocol (IP) technology. (Eraase 1994) it connected these centres with telephone lines. Since the telephone lines were paid for the mile, it was obvious that each university could not be connected to a supercomputing centre, due to financial constraints. They instead created regional mountain ranges of networks, with each university being connected to its neighbours, at the top of this chain there was a connection to the super computer. Eventually any computer was able to communicate with any other computer by forwarding the conference through its neighbours.2.3Internet CreatedThe NSF agreed to commercial exploitation and on-line service sprang up. CompuServe, the first of these, started in 1970 and fifteen years later claimed 3.2 million users in 20 countries. It was part owned by commercial relationships with the German group Bertelsmann and the French group Hachette (Winston 1998). Prodigy belonged t o IBM and Sears claimed 1.4 million users. His World Wide Web was open for business in 1992. Meanwhile a commercial Internet Exchange had been established in 1991.Large multinational corporations have been on the Internet for years, although their access has been limited to research and engineering departments. In 1992, many of the restrictions on commercial use began to change. In fact, there are already more commercial sites on the Internet than educational and research sites combined, according to statistic, commercial addresses now comprise of 51% of the network domains. The Internet is made up of over 25,000 networks that can transfer data via many routes. However, it is near enough impossible to pin down any exact numbers concerning its size due to the fact its growth is unparalleled by any other industry. Ghosh 1998 states that the Internet has been adopted faster than any other technological development.2.4The use of the InternetBetween 1993 and 1998, more than 100 million u sers of the Internet were estimated, and the number of sites of the WWW has grown from 130 to 4.3 million sites. As of June 1999, the Internet users population has been placed at around 170 million people. It has been forecasted that the number users will reach 350 million by 2005 beingwide.In simple terms, the Internet allows millions of people all over the world to communicate and to share. The Internet is the first global forum and the first global library (Hahn and Stout 1994). Commercial businesses are the fastest growing segment of the Internet, you can gather information communicate and actually transact business on the Internet. Here are a few reasons why businesses are using the internetE-mail is a low cost method for maintaining communication at all levels.Messages can be win overd in minutes.E-mail is a domain for sharing information and is said to be one of the most important productivity packages around.The Internet allows businesses to be in touch with different bran ches and work teams at other locations.This creating a virtual community in which people are able to communicate on a daily basis.Using the Internet many organisations are able to bring a global edge to home grown businesses. For many companies, the use of the Internet creates a level playing field smaller businesses can create an image on the network to compete with larger businesses.Many corporations use the Internet to keep a check on the rate of emerging and new technologies, and the market response to these technologies (Ellsworth 1994). The public information and discussion groups available on the Internet provide insight and feedback that is hard to get in any other manner. Here people from all levels of industry, exchange information on merchandise research and technological developments. Having the most up-to-date information about your markets and your products allows you to keep or increase your competitive edge.In a business where the concept of getting closer to the cu stomer prime, the internet is becoming increasingly important as well. Internet sales, where customers are sought and served on-line through Gophers and variety of virtual storefronts, are also becoming more popular. Customers can be and are sought before the sale and supported subsequently sale. Companies are able to do actual product sales transactions on the Internet. In addition, in some cases it is possible to deliver the product via the Internet, as with software and information. Many companies have been using the Internet for the transmission of data. The major financial institutions in the world use the Internet extensively for exchanging information and files. incorporate users are now responsible for the transfer of the largest portion of data.2.5The World Wide WebThe WWW is the newest information resources to the Internet (Krol 1992). It is based on technology called Hypertext Mark-up oral communication (HTML). Hypertext is a method of presenting information where sele cted words in the text can be expanded at any time to provide other information about the word. These words are actually links to other documents, which may be text, picture or earpiece format. The presentation of information on the web is much friendlier that traditional methods and the interface provides for a user -friendly environment. The combined with the ability to use any of the Internets tools within the web has been a catalyst for the rush to get on the Internet (Ellsworth 1994).The WWW can be defined as a global, interactive, driving, cross platform, distributed, graphical, hypertext information system that runs over the Internet and is available globally (Lemay 2000 Online).In the early 1990s the advent of the World Wide Web on the Internet represented the tuning point for electronic ecommerce by providing an easy to use technology solution to the problem of information publishing and dissemination. The web made electronic commerce a cheaper way of conducting business and enable more diverse business activities.The WWW infrastructure is built around the following-Web sites A web site is a collection of web pages well-kept by a college, university, government, agency, company or individual.Web age A web page is document on the web. Web pages can include text, pictures, sound and videos.Web server A web server is a computer connected to the Internet that makes web pages available to the world.The Wold Wide Web is a dynamic structure, and due to the popularity of this new phenomenon it is expanding rapidly. The reason for it being so popular is the fact that information can be made available to anyone anywhere in the world in a matter of minutes (Kalakota, Whinston. 1997 p.145).What types of businesses are trading on the web contrast is changing. The way we do business is changing. The electronic commerce revolution is upon us, and perhaps represents the greatest single change to the way in which business operates. Companies of all sizes are now wor king together to establish their position and create opportunities in this world.The Internet phenomenon has result in a major shift in the way organisations do business, and how they intend to proceed in the future. Many organisations now realise that without an e-commerce strategy they will not survive. This realisation has affected, and will continue to affect business relationship of all sizes.E-CommerceE-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business are often used interchangeably. For online sell selling, the term e tailing is sometimes used.E-Commerce can be divided intoE-tailing or Virtual Storefronts on web sites with online catalogues, sometimes gathered into a Virtual mall.The gathering and use of demographic data through web contacts.Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business to -business exchange of data.E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospects and establish customers (for example, with newsletters).Business-to-Business buying and selling.The security of business transactions.Electronic messaging technologies streamline business processes by reducing paperwork and increasing automation. (Kalakota, Whinston. 1997 p.54).E-Commerce today, is a very wide area of study due to its phenomenon growth and thus, can be described as an umbrella concept, which will continue to grow. Therefore incorporating a variety of disciplines and can be described as following path of a hierarchical structure.Recent technology has increased the capacity of e-commerce transactions, resulting in noticeable paradigms in a number of daily transactions. There are unforeseen benefits not only to businesses, but also consumers, the government and even on a global trade level.The technology that is responsible for taking e-commerce to a global stage is the Internet. There are also other factors that have affected the growth of e-commerce, for example, the availability of hardware at affordable costs, as well as the increased power and ease of use of operating systems and software.With the prices of computer hardware and network equipment falling, e-commerce is seen as one of the strategic investments in line with marketing goals of most business, to stay competitive, improve productivity and to deliver quality services.Commonly, e-commerce is associated with the buying a selling of information, products and services via computer networks. It is also known as the paperless exchange of electronic information, whether it is by electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic funds transfer or other similar technologies methods.Overview of E-CommerceE-Commerce, evolved as early as the age of Alexandra Bell, followed by the launch of terrestrial television and radio communications. However recent developments in technology have increased the efficiency in commerce and have placed e-commerce under the spotli ght. During the mid 20th century, the channels through e-commerce took place were telephone networks, the television and the radio. In their infancy they impressed businesses and consumers, so did EDI in the early 1970s and now at present the Internet has bought back the same feelings.Below is an illustration of a generic framework for electronic commerce (Kalakota, Whinston.1997) The condition 1 below is an illustration of the e-commerce overview.Electronic CommerceB2AB2CC2AB2BThe Internet surroundfacsimile machineThe InternetTelephoneFaxCable Satellite, and Digital TVTelephoneFaxThe Internet including EDI, marketing, purchasing and e-mailCollaborativeWork GroupsEDI via InternetTelecomm unitingElectronic Funds TransferE-MailVideo ConferencingTelephoneFaxFigure 1Types of E-commerceE-commerce covers five main categories that are listed belowBusiness to Business (B2B)Business within Business (BWB)Business to Administration (B2A)Consumer to Administration (C2A)Business to Consumer (B2 C)These are discussed in detail in Appendix 3 titled Types of Web Traders.The introduction of e-commerce has facilitated consumer to business transactions, customers learn about products through electronic purchasing. From a consumer perspective electronic commerce facilitates for the followingSocial Interaction. Electronic Commerce enables consumers to communicate with each other through electronic mail, video conferencing and news groups. in-person Finance Agreement. Use electronic means to manage personal finance and management using the online banking toolsPurchasing Products and Information. Allows consumer to find online information about exiting and new products and services.(Kalakota, Whinston. 1997 p.139)The blowup in Internet traffic has created other problems. Mostly worryingly, there are continuing fears that many companies offering financial services online are not providing a secure environment to clients and customers.Purchasing on the WebThe Internet and the World W ide Web have dramatically changed the way consumers seek and use information online.Whether they are shopping for Information or shopping for goods and services on-line, todays consumers must learn how to manage the resources (Kelley, B Weibke, J. 2003).Most attention on e-commerce has focused on business-to-business transactions and analysts say the surging electronic business-to-business market is about to explode.On-line purchasing systems promise to streamline operations, save time and cut the costs of businesses drowning in order processing. Most buying over the Internet focuses on indirect materials, also known as non-production goods or maintenance, repair and operations.Typically, such applications let any employee order through managed access rights, non-production supplies and service from an on-line catalogue using on a web server. They simplify the process of buying day-to-day items such as office equipments, PCs and other electrical goods to run the company. According to a recent study carried out by Forrester Research (2000) has suggested that the on-line commerce will raise form 657 billion in 2002 and reach the figure of 6.8 trillion in 2004. The statistics suggested that more customers are shopping day by day and revenue enhancement is increasing for on-line shoppers. The view is supported by Swazey (1999) who believes that the on-line shoppers spend more time on-line shopping than normal high streets shoppers and the amount of funds spent rises with the amount of time spent on-line. The view point of Swazey (1999) is similar to Ghosh (1998) as he states that the On-line shoppers tend to get carried away within the cheer of their own home. However the above viewpoint have contrast in bearing to an article (Computer Fraud Security, Sept 2000, p.2) that seemed to suggest that although it may seems same(p) everyone is on-line, but its not true.Internet BankingInternet Banking is no longer a novelty. Banks have long ceased being worried abou t trading via the web, and instead have embraced the newest delivery channel with enthusiasm. All clearing banks, including the connected building societies, now offer Internet based banking services and all will have an online menses account in place. Some, including Barclays, Woolwich, Abbey National and HSBC have developed other channels of delivery including digital TV and mobile phone banking service. All e-banks promise engross current account users speed and convenience. There are no counter queues in cyberspace and e-banks are open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. On-line banking customers can check their balances, view recent transactions, transfers funds, set-up standing orders and direct debits and also option to pay bills on line.In the past, the banking industry was in the first place concerned with asset quality and capitalisation, if the bank was performing well along these dimensions than the banks would be profitable. Today performing well on asset quality and capitalisation is not enough. (Kalakota, Whinston.1997 p.30)The Internet is a medium that provides a new dimension and introduces much opportunity especially for banks the main advantages are outlined as follows change innovationCost savingsIncreased customer baseEnable mass customisationMarketing and communicationDevelopments of non core businessIn a makeup issued by the BE Agency (2000), it states that the experts believe that the slump in high street banking due to deregulation can be revived by this new medium e-commerce, offering the potential of reviving or at least halting the decline, by raising customer service standards, increasing the choice of retail financial products, reducing the charges and giving customers a more convenient way to manage their money.It is agreed with Patterson (2000) that the banks will have to go online, his reasons being as to why banks have to adopt this new medium is in short answer to win over new customers it is easier to leave it at that, bu t also the factors he has also said that it will also promote this new medium are lower cost of account servicing, cross selling opportunities, customer relations and because they have to.Customers can now deal with their accounts personally at any time from anywhere in the word for any reason. Customers can also have the same facility to compare and contrast the products and services of a multitude of banks and choose one that meets their requirements. Knowing how safe is it to use the website an

The Aesthetics Of One Cult Film Film Studies Essay

The Aesthetics Of One Cult Film Film Studies EssayThis essay ordain discuss the aesthetics of the furor assume, Blade get-go. Firstly we will look at the way in which theorists have cross off out to define the extensive genre of frenzy make, looking at in particular, more everywhere not limited to, the works of theorists Telotte, Jancovitch and Sconce etc. We will then analyse the bring Blade Runner, dissecting the film and its aesthetics and discuss how, or if, they contribute to qualification it a furore classic, looking at its appeal to audiences, and what makes it transgressive in its theme and appearance.Cult film is a diverse and wide-ranging quasi-genre that ejectnot be attributed to one set of stylistic conventions, as Sconce comments in his study cult film would include entries from such put onmingly disparate subgenres as bad films, spatterpunk,mondo films, sword and sandal epics, Elvis flicks, governmental hygiene films, Nipponese monster moves, beach party musicals, and just about every other historical manifestation of exploitation cinema from juvenile delinquency documentaries to soft centerfield pornography. (Sconce, J (1995)Cult fictions Cult Movies, Subcultural Capital and the Production of Cultural Distinctions. p.373). There is one feature that can be attributed to that of all cult films the devout perceptiveness that it receives from its fans, Sconce argues this further it is not defined according to some single, unifying feature sh ard by all cult movies, but rather through a sub-cultural ideology in filmmaker, films or audiences are seen as existing to the resistivity to the mainstream. In other words, cult is largely a matter of the ways in which films are classified in consumption. (ibid p.373).As thither are no clearly defined set of characteristics that define a cult film, I gestate it is useful to look atthe etymological root of the word cult, whichcomes from the Latin word cultus and means belief and ritual. J.P. Telotte states in his 1991 book Beyond all told Reason The Nature of Cult, that the wordsignifies twain(prenominal) adherence and mastery and also submission and domination, meaning that the word is steeped in a dual purpose to both worship and control (p.14). Telotte furthers this argument by stating that a film transitions to its cult status by the actions of its fans through a process of reception and conversion a film is transformed into an object of cryptic worship and a supertext is created by the audiences actions with the original text (p.7). Other theorists such as Jancovitch and Sexton also interpret this strong link between cult films and audience appropriation processes. All theorists also argue the process of resurrection is a feature of a lot of cult films that a film takes on cult status when it is resurrected from its critical and / or commercial failures andtakes on a new life through its adoption by this new niche audience. The film is brought back to life within a different cultural context, attracting strong emotional connections from audiences who use it to define themselves in opposition to what is considered as the norm or mainstream at that time (Jancovitch (2003) Defining Cult Movies The Cultural Politics of Oppositional Taste. p.1). This inference that cult film viewing audience love their films for sharp attacking the established quality of cannon cinemaSconce, J. (1995) Trashing the Academy Taste, Excess, and an Emerging Politics of Cinematic Style. p.374) and that the text is not always in opposition on its release, is a lot drawn upon when assessing the cult film. It is this resurrected category of cult films that Ridley Scotts Blade Runner falls into.Transgression is another feature of many cult films as, as stated, cult fans are often attracted to themes and modalitys that can clearly be understood as in opposition to the mainstream, ignoring the established conventions and rejoicing in difference. consort to theor ist Barry Grant, fault can be understood in terms of content, attitude or style (Grant, B K (1991) Science fiction double feature political orientation in the Cult Film. p.123). Saturated with cultural visual references and clichs, generic hybridity, collage-like excessiveness, and technical incompetence are all recognised stylistic and aesthetic examples of transgression in cult film. Transgressive subject matter in cult films are the subjects that often are ignored or deemed too taboo for mainstream cinema such as rape, transvestism, social / political critique, incest, dehumanisation, ideas of dystopia and slavery etc. Blade Runner can be seen as transgressive in its style, content and attitude by the way in which is paints a gritty, dystopian vision of the future that explores themes of dehumanisation, slavery, social criticism and crisis and corporate / capitalist greed. The aesthetic aspects of the film reach a shadowy, rainy visual style that is indebted to the genre of Fi lm Noir. This helps to reinforce the subversive themes, submerging the audience into a dark, oppressive land that is familiar (through its constant cultural references) but disaffect at the same time, namely though its captivating special effects. Blade Runner can also be seen as transgressive in its narrative style and pace many viewers criticised the film for its slow-developing storyline and filming style that went against the speedy, action-packed action of sci-fi films of its time. It is also a prime example of generic hybridity, crossing over cinematic styles such as Film Noir, Science-Fiction, Thriller and Romance.You are no longer simply a fan of Blade Runner you are part of the valet of Blade Runner or even a blade runner yourself. (Brooker, W (1999) Internet Fandom and the Continuing Narratives of Star Wars, Blade Runner and Alien, p.60).Ridleys Scotts Blade Runner, released in 1982 (re-release 1992) by Warner Bros, was adapted from Philip K. Dicks novel Do Androids Dr eam of Electric Sheep? by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. Initially it was not well received but went on to achieve cult status with fans dedicating websites and fan conventions to the film. Depicting a dystopian Los Angles in 2019, it is now thought of as the benchmark with which to compare cinematic representations of urban decay. The film has do a lasting impression and long stayed in the minds of countless fans in the 30 years since it was released, justifying its further releases.Blade Runner was released during the same year as big blockbuster hits such as E.T. and Star Trek II. Not only did the film have to compete with such big-budget movies, but these films are just about in direct opposition to Blade Runners gritty disposition, and their up-beat attitude. Unsurprisingly the film was not a box-office success, taking only $14.5m in ticket sales whilst costing an estimated $28m to make. comminuted reception was also disappointing with most reviewers failing to fully und erstand the film in one sitting, and so dismissing the narrative as muddled and inconsistent. fortunately Blade Runner was produced around the same time as the arrival of al-Qaeda cable and videotapes and was chosen as one of the first films to be released for home video. This ultimately meant that the film was now made available for people who wouldnt normally go to the cinema to watch sci-fi films and enabled the viewer to watch as many clock needed in order to fully understand and jimmy the complex narrative, and it was in rental video and cable TV that Blade Runner undercoat its devoted audience. Since this time the film has been released a further two times once ten years on in 1992 as a Directors abscission and again in 2007 as a five-disc Final cut including deleted scenes and commentary the ultimate collectable for the cult fan. Although there were only two official releases, there are several different versions of the film. This enables the cult fan to research the details of the other versions, helping them to better understand and identify the film and fulfil their desires for more.First, the cult phenomenal experience is an aesthetic one. It is an experience that is sought for its own sake- as an end in itself. (Mathijis, E Sexton, J (2011) Cult Cinema p.18).In Blade Runner, cult aesthetic techniques help to articulate the films critique of capitalism. The shadowy visual style is all-encompassing and supports the films transgressive themes. The set design and narrative use of set spaces create an aviation of (frightening) splendour and mystery. The high towers are only accessible by futuristic flying crafts (only available to the police) or by controlled access lifts. Blade Runner contrasts an pep pill urban center for the authorities and the wealthy, with a dirty and more chaotic lower city for the masses. The continual darkness and absence of natural light constantly inspire us of mans destructive greed and is juxtaposed to the brigh t neon lights of the commercial adverts placed in every possible space. These mesmerising neon billboards and corporate adverts that dominate the city signify capitalist greed and are the only source of light in what would otherwise be a very bleak and depressing environment. The flashy pink and red colours also evoke references to Hell. In their stark contrast to the obscure landscape below, the bright neon colours suggest the cogitate in advanced capitalism, with the sparkling promises of consumption and the cruel realities of production and the mundane. These urban scenes manifest our fears about urban decay, and visualise our anxieties of complete corporate dominance of routine life. The urban images paint a ruined and devastated natural environment with many buildings abandoned and streets overflowing with rubbish.I would argue that the use of the light in the film enhances the themes of social and political critique and thus helps cult fans to understand it as in opposition to the mainstream and thus identify themselves with it. Camera angles, shadows and the use of smoke are also very important aesthetics in studying the films dark sense modality. POV camera angles are used to help the audience identify with the characters who are both humans and replicants- highly advanced cyborg slaves, manufactured by the Tyrell Corporation, that are More Human Than Human (The fictional companys marketing slogan) and eventually become antipathetical to their creator. Wide sweeping shots with high camera angles, looking either up at the tall imposing buildings or down at the dark streets, convey the enormity of the city and its intimidating atmosphere. This atmosphere of fear and intimidation is also created through the use of filming the city through the glass-bottomed police hover-cars that patrol the streets and see all there is to offer in this dismal landscape.Scott uses shadow to continue the theme of darkness which, of course, lends from the Film Noir sty le of using shadow to create mood and enhance drama. The darkness continues even with indoor scenes and as in Film Noir movies, blinds are used to separate light and fragment the narrative visually. Shadowing is often used in the film to convey the underlying darkness in the narrative when it may not be apparent this is evident in a scene in JF Sebastians flat where Pris and Ron Batty (replicants) are hiding out (Sebastian is not aware they are Replicants) and although the characters are being nice to Sebastian, the viewer can sense that something more sinister is going on. dumbbell is another feature used heavily in the film to create mystery and fear. Most characters smoke, expressing their paranoia and anxiousness. Smoke also emits from the industrial buildings, polluting the city and again, adding to the sinister tone.Blade Runners generic hybridity is a recognised transgressive aesthetic within Cult film, with Telotte arguing that the generic mish-mash is a delineate element (Telotte (1991) Beyond All Reason The Nature of Cult). As discussed, Blade Runner embodies the visual style and aesthetics of many different film genres, such as Film Noir, Thriller, Romance, and of course Science-Fiction. Sci-Fi as a generic style is displayed in many cult films the groundbreaking special effects and visuals present the possibilities of new worlds with strange creatures and previously unimagined landscapes. This becomes the perfect breeding ground to explore the transgressive and subversive themes mentioned above.If generic hybridity and collage-like excessiveness are recognised cult film aesthetics, then Film Noir and Thriller are perfect genres to lend from, for their roots in formal complexity are articulated through aesthetic and ideological ambiguity. According to Nicole Rafter Film Noir and crime films provide ways for viewers to enjoy fantasies of violence and law-breaking by offering forbidden pleasure and its chastisement, they offer viewers both transgr ession and the return to conformity, thus alleviating their anxiety about social norms (Rafter, N (2000) Shots in the Mirror Crime Films and Societyp.153-154). This can easily be related to Telottes ideas on transgression in cult films that they allow the viewer to embrace the other within them and that this is a gesture or a cutaneous senses of being transgressive without actually being transgressive (Telotte, J P (1991) Beyond All Reason The Nature of Cult). As mentioned above, the themes and narrative structure of Blade Runner are complex and the average viewer may find they need to watch the film many times in order to fully appreciate and understand it (which in itself encourages cult viewing).In conclusion I cannot deny that Blade Runners aesthetics are what set it aside from the popular movies of its time and so encouraging fans to read it as in opposition to the norm, and identify / align themselves with it. There is also no denying that the aesthetics and mis en scene com e together to help narrate the story and support the films transgressive themes, again helping it to achieve its cult status. Fans can surround themselves in this strange but magical world and rejoice in its difference. Ultimately I believe that it is not solely a films cult aesthetics that establish it as cult film or encourage a cult following. Instead they support and encourage the cult themes and subject matter helping to visualise the films sub-cultural ideology (Sconce, J (1995).

Ideology And Hegemony In James Bond

Ideology And Hegemony In James hold fastThe aim of this essay is to investigate the issues of ideology and hegemony in the James link up franchise, with particular proposition emphasis on the current fastening necessitate, Quantum of Solace. Over the forty-four years the vex films have been running the depictions of hands and women in these films has developed and adjustmentd. Negative stereotypes were use in the first few Bond films to portray women, such as requiring a male rescue and be a sex object for a male audience. This was the ideology of the era, that women were less sovereign than men. With movements such as Feminism these images have been allowed to evolve into a more realistic depiction of women in the latest Bond films, especially Quantum of Solace. The portrayal of men is much more consistent throughout the Bond films, except a few changes that are made to Bonds contri preciselyion in Quantum of Solace.Ideology and hegemony exist in all the Bond films as th ey affect the way sex activity is represented. Ideologies form associations between types of power and the media. They are ideas that make it an explanation of the social world. The ideas are usually seen as normal and expected but are frequently only biased and one sided (Branston and Stafford 2006,p.174). However, contrasting ideological views that contain different ideas tramp sometimes instigate battles within media texts (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,p.165).In comparison, hegemony is a theory that is related to ideology and power. It shows how societies deal with power (Casey et al. 2008,p.142). An Italian Marxist, Antonio Gramsci intendd that ruling groups in societies can use either strength and force or consent to keep their power (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,p.169). This was allowed due to their importance in society. Gramsci overly believed that received democracies across the world would find themselves pushing for falsify. In some cases they would rely on force whilst i n others they try the subtle approach of persuasion to shoot hegemony (Branston and Stafford 2006,p.177). Hegemony suggests that certain ideas break common sense or natural to volume (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,pp.169-170),particularly those of the ruling class and so called the dominant ideology (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,p.165). Marxists studied the differences between the work class and the industrial manufacturers who were all part of Capitalism, and believed your class determined your political views (Branston and Stafford 2006,pp.175-176). Marxists also believed that people in charge of production were able to distribute the dominant ideas into a society. Therefore the working class could be led to believe that mistreatment was expected and normal through dominant ideas and power relationships in the media (Branston and Stafford 2006,p.176).Ideology and hegemony can affect how people are represented in the media. In the past there were striking differences between men and women . In recent times this has become less so, though still exists. This brings about the question as to whether or not the representation of gender in the media has changed over time due to the ideologies of eras ever-ever-changing as well. Sreberny and Van Zoonen defined gender as a contested and relatively unstable discourse (2000,p.13), covering how representations of gender are frequently changing in the media.The representations of James Bond throughout the Bond films have been quite similar as a quick witted, physically strong man who is taking and is able to use his charms to seduce many different women. Croteau and Hoynes believed that men would less plausibly be shown in the household, as this is usually the womans place. Instead, they would more likely be shown in highly regarded jobs (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,p.149). Bond films highlight this as Bond works as a secret agent for MI6 which shows his intelligence and authority in the workplace.In Quantum of Solace, Bond still contains many of his conventional characteristics , for example, his physical strength. It is suggested that men are represented as being more dominant than women, whilst also shown as being involved in much more violence (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,p.149). This can be seen in Quantum of Solace as Bond is involved in many fight scenes, such as, when he attacks the bodyguards in the hotel lift. However, the representation of Bond develops in this film as we see a under fire(predicate) side to Bond that isnt present in the other Bond films. Many other men in Quantum of Solace are represented as powerful, for example, Dominic Greene owns his own company. Greene is portrayed as greedy and artful as he is storing water in order to sell it for extortionate prices. Mr White is another enemy who is portrayed as important and secretive as he is part of a top secret organisation, Quantum. These portrayals of men are stereotypical as they depict them as intelligent, powerful and authoritative. There hasnt been much change in the representations of males in the Bond films, other than in the latest two films, Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace we have seen a more realistic portrayal of men. Bond is shown to have fallen in love with the character Vesper and when she dies he is shown as emotional as he wants r veritable(a)ge. This vulnerable side to Bond is vocalization of men today, as strong men can still have sensitive sides. This shows how the ideologies of the past may be changing. Bonds enemies have always been represented as powerful masterminds and so have not changed much since the films began.In comparison the representation of women in the Bond films has changed much more significantly over the years. This discipline of the Bond girls may have been instigated by the growth of Feminism. Feminism believed that men treated women as less superior to themselves (Casey et al. 2008, p.121). By the 1970s one of the of import issues feminists believed was that many of t he representations of women in the media were negative and based on stereotypes whilst also lacking in florilegium (Casey et al. 2008,p.122). The first Bond film, Dr No, made in 1962, supports this argument with the Bond girl, Honey Ryder. She played the damsel in distress saved by Bond and came across as very naive. She was easily seduced by Bond showing she was submissive and he was in power. In 1975, Laura Mulvey came up with the theory of the male gaze in which texts include women that are sexualised in order for them to appeal to men (Casey et al. 2008,p.122). Honey Ryder appealed to the male gaze as she appeared in skimpy clothes several times, including the iconic scene of her in her swimming costume. This iconic scene also relates to the fact Hole and Levine (1971249) argued that feminists believed that some women in the media were trying to make men purchase products by becoming sex objects (Van Zoonen 1994,p.66). Due to the ideologies of this era men were seen as more dom inant and in control. This meant that women frequently appeared in films, but often only in secondary, minor roles (Croteau and Hoynes 1997,p.147). This was no different for Honey Ryder, as the main(prenominal)(prenominal) protagonists of Dr No were Bond and his enemy Dr No and she played more of a minor role.By 2002, when come apart another Day was released the representation of the Bond girls had evolved. Die another Days Jinx was every bit Bonds equal being one step ahead of him for the majority of the time. She was physically strong and killed several people which represented her as mentally strong. This shows how Feminism may have begun to have an impact on media as it shows a female who is almost equal to the main male protagonist, which would have been very unusual in films before this insinuate. However, she was easily seduced by Bond showing she hadnt become superior to Bond as he still had a certain control over her.Over time film production has developed and with it f emale stereotypes were questioned, leading to an increase in variety of characters for women in film (Casey et al. 2008,p.124). This can be seen in Quantum of Solace as there are two Bond girls, Miss Fields, who is a conventional Bond girl and Camille who is more of a realistic representation of women today. Miss Fields is quick witted as she helps Bond on numerous occasions. Still, she is represented as vulnerable as she is easily seduced by Bond within a short time and she is killed by Bonds enemies. However, Miss Fields is quite a realistic representation of women today as she works for MI6 which highlights how more women have jobs in highly respected work places now, than in the past. Camille is different to the other Bond girls. For instance, she is glossy but not perfect as she has burn scars on her back. She is also the first ever Bond girl to walk away from Bond without being seduced into cheat by him. This suggests that womens roles in film may be becoming more realistic as the majority of women arent perfect and many have the self control to reject mens charms. However, Camille still possesses some of the Bond girl conventions as she needed saving by Bond in the fire. Both Bond girls in this film are very attractive and Liesbet van Zoonen argued that Hollywood cinema has a long standing tradition of constructing women as a spectacle for voyeuristic pleasure (Van Zoonen 1994,p.87).This suggests that even though some ideologies have changed over time others havent and even though Camille has the imperfection of burns on her back she is still a very attractive lady and thus still appeals to the male gaze and the voyeuristic pleasure of men.Another interesting representation of women in Quantum of Solace is that of M. M is represented as a strong female who is very authoritative as she is Bonds boss. She is intelligent as she works for MI6 and so is a powerful lady. However, she is also vulnerable as she is betrayed by one of her bodyguards. The growth of Feminism in the twenty-first century has gained so much for the representation of females in the media. That now even some women believe it isnt essential as the representations have gained in variety and accuracy (Casey et al.2008, p.125). An important issue to note about M is the fact that for the first eleven Bond films M was in fact a man, until it changed to a woman, played by Dame Judi Dench. This choice may have been made to follow the ideologies of the time as women were becoming more involved and important in society and even in the workplace and so by this point it wasnt unusual to have women in highly valued workplaces. Croteau and Hoynes argued that Feminism and people who fought for womens rights put strain on the media. Therefore, making the media create more varied representations and roles of women in the media, whilst eradicating many of the negative stereotypes of women (1997 p.147).Overall, ideology and hegemony are present in all the Bond films through the re presentation of gender. The portrayal of gender roles allows us to observe how the ideologies have changed over time. It is most likely that certain ideologies have been influenced by movements such as Feminism, for example due to the strain feminist groups put on the media, the roles and representations of women have become more various(a) and a more correct representation of women in society. The ideologies of gender in the Bond films have changed with the times. This is noticeable with characters such as M, at one point in time women wouldnt have been associated with high earning jobs in the MI6. It is also shown with Bond as he becomes more vulnerable in Quantum of Solace, which is a more accurate representation of men in todays society as they can be sensitive as well as strong. In the future Bond films, the representations of gender may continue to change to fit the ideologies of gender in society at that time.Word count 2000

Internet Cookies :: Essays Papers

Internet CookiesMost Experienced Web visitors and even new ones know about cookies these days. Cookies are small data files that are being set on your hard drive by Web sites when you visit them. They do this for many different reasons. One of them is to identify you as a distinctive visitor by identifying your Web browser software. When your return to the Web site that has stored a cookie, it will search your computer for those cookies, and they will know what you were doing in the past. It may update your cookie. This way the site can customize its contents depending on previous activities. It will also allow the site to provide customized news, weather, sports information, and many other things base on stated interests. In theory, a cookie only transmits information back to the Web site that put it there and cant be accessed by other parties. But some Internet advertising companies had crossed the limits of using their own cookies. These companies use cookies to creat e highly sophisticated profiles of online visitors, most of the era without visitors knowledge and usually without their consent DoubleClickWhenever I go to any site on the Web and I see an advertisement, I DoubleClick on it in aver to view it. DoubleClick has taken the first step in building a profile on my surfing habits. From this point on, until I change browser, buy a new computer, or delete my cookie files, DoubleClick can track my browsers activity across all sites. DoubleClick controls sixty percent of the banner ad market. This profiling powerhouse collects data about where I go and what I do on line. DoubleClick rents or sells this data to other companies, allowing them to broadcast advertising e-mails to recipients whoses urfing habits qualified a desired profile. DoubleClick associates these files through cookies obtained on my hard drive. By sending out junk e-mail with graphics, advertisers can match e-mail addresses with previously issued cookies. secrecy advocates contend that DoubleClicks use of cookies is an invasion of privacy and could lead to misuse of the information.Consumer Privacy and CookiesUnder the Options or Preferences menus, most current Web browsers can be set to reject cookies or alert surfers when one is being sent, but this may prevent you from accessing some sites at all.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

Miss Harper Lee has chosen Scout as a prototypic person narrator in this report card. This narrative technique has many strengths and some weaknesses. Scout is a bright, sensitive and intelligent little girl. For all her intelligence, she is still a child and does not always fully understand the implications of the events she reports. This is sometimes amusing, as the time she thinks Miss Maudies loud voice sc ars Miss Stephanie. Scout does her best to communicate us of the happenings at the Tom Robinson trial. Yet, she is not certain what rape is, and is neither aware of the prejudice state surrounding her. Ultimately she represents the innocence within society.In To Kill A Mockingbird, Scout Finch, a little girl growing up in a small Southern town, tells the story of her childhood, when she witnessed the trial of a total darkness falsely accused of raping a white woman. The Negros lawyer is Scouts father, Atticus Finch. He defends the Negro vigorously, though he expects to los e the case. As well as being the story of childhood, it is also the story of the struggle for equality of the American Negro.To Kill A Mockingbird can be read as the story of a childs growth and maturation. Almost every incident in the novel contributes something to Scouts perception of the world. Through her experiences she grows more tolerant of others, learning how to " climb into another persons genuflect and walk around in it." On her first day of school she finds that there are both social and poor classes in society, some are respectable and others not. She also learns that her father is an extra-ordinary man, fighting for a Negros rights in court. At the trial of Tom Robinson Scout learns about equality and inequality, about justice and unfairness and finally about racial prejudice.Many times during the course of the novel the idea of the mockingbird comes to mind. We first hear of the bird when the children are given there first air rifles for Christmas, There fa ther warns them to never shoot the songbird, saying to do so would be a sin. During the trial of Tom Robinson, it occurs to the reader that the Negro has many characteristics he shares with the mockingbird, He is a gentle man, who has never harmed anyone and only tried to help. His murder is as much a sin as the kill of any innocent creature.

Essay --

ResumenEste trabajo investiga sobre el advenimiento de la era tecnolgica la cual a medida que pasa el tiempo se expande a todos los sectores de la sociedad, ya sea por la cantidad de nuevas investigaciones y tecnologas como por la ubicuidad de stas. Para lograr una mejor comprensin de ello es necesario abordar los sneakceptos de Computacin Ubicua, Tecnologa Calma, Interaccin Inconsciente y nociones psicolgicas de Resis tencia al Cambio. En el transcurso de este informe se ir sealando brevemente como avanzan estos temas a lo largo de la historia y resaltando el estudio del lugar de la interface y el nuevo rol del ambiente en la Interaccin Humano/Computadora.Palabras clavesComputacin Ubicua, Tecnologa Calma, Interaccin Inconsciente, Resistencia al cambio.IntroduccinVarios aos atrs la tecnologa era una herramienta muy fcil de distinguir, percibir e identificar, ya sea de forma optic (ya que eran artefactos nuevos o diferentes a la vida cotidiana) o tambin mediante la interaccin del usuario, por ello muchas veces existi la necesidad de tener conocimiento previo para poder utilizarlas y entenderlas o si no se tena ese conocimiento era necesario adquirirlo para un correcto uso. A una gran cantidad de usuarios, estas nuevas tecnologas les resultaron muy llamativas, fascinantes y amenas para indagar, profundizar y sumergirse ms en ese mundo, los cuales con gran facilidad pudieron apreciarla y aprovecharla, pero tambin siempre existen y existieron las personas que tienen una gran resistencia al cambio, a aprender nuevos modos, nuevos lenguajes, nuevos usos y nuevas formas de vida. Al ser esta una tecnologa muy fcil de distinguir, a ste grupo de personas les result muy fcil la tarea de identificar... ..., con las nuevas tecnologas lo interesante es el hecho de que a esta altura del tiempo todas las personas (quieran o no) forman parte del mundo que est inmerso en la computacin ubicua, de una u otra forma son usuarios de alguna de estas tecnologas y no han tenido la necesidad u oportunidad de decidir si forman parte de este nuevo mundo o no, porque lo son de forma imperceptible ya que no tuvieron que adoptar nuevas formas de uso o cambios en la vida cotidiana porque la tecnologa se acomod a ellos, se invirti lo que suceda en un principio, as es posible el alcance de estas tecnologas a toda la sociedad sin generar los problemas sociales de resistencia a lo nuevo o al cambio, porque este cambio ya no es tan brusco, porque la tecnologa est tan mimetizada con el entorno que no genera un choque, se disimula, se percibe el entorno y el entorno es la interfaz.